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Journal ArticleDOI

Automatic reconstruction of as-built building information models from laser-scanned point clouds: A review of related techniques

TL;DR: This article surveys techniques developed in civil engineering and computer science that can be utilized to automate the process of creating as-built BIMs and outlines the main methods used by these algorithms for representing knowledge about shape, identity, and relationships.
About: This article is published in Automation in Construction.The article was published on 2010-11-01. It has received 789 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Information model & Computer Aided Design.
Citations
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01 Jan 2015
TL;DR: The needs for intelligent geometric feature detection/reconstruction algorithms for automated point cloud processing and issues related to data management are discussed and an innovative approach for integrating 3D point cloud data with BIM to efficiently augment built environment design, construction and management is presented.
Abstract: BIM (building information modelling) has gained wider acceptance in the A/E/C (architecture/engineering/construction) industry in the US and internationally. This paper presents current industry approaches of implementing 3D point cloud data in BIM and VDC (virtual design and construction) applications during various stages of a project life cycle and the challenges associated with processing the huge amount of 3D point cloud data. Conversion from discrete 3D point cloud raster data to geometric/vector BIM data remains to be a labor-intensive process. The needs for intelligent geometric feature detection/reconstruction algorithms for automated point cloud processing and issues related to data management are discussed. This paper also presents an innovative approach for integrating 3D point cloud data with BIM to efficiently augment built environment design, construction and management.

11 citations


Cites background from "Automatic reconstruction of as-buil..."

  • ...[3] explored the usage of laser scanning in extracting bridge as-built data....

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Proceedings ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a model-based automated object recognition and registration method, Projection-Recognition-Projection (PRP), is introduced to assist heavy equipment operators in rapidly perceiving 3D working environment at dynamic construction sites.
Abstract: This paper introduces a model-based automated object recognition and registration method, Projection-Recognition-Projection (PRP), to assist heavy equipment operators in rapidly perceiving 3D working environment at dynamic construction sites. It has been a challenging subject to recognize target objects from a scattered work environment because large and complex 3D site data obtained by a laser scanner makes it difficult to process itself in real or near real time. In this study, a CCD camera and a hybrid laser scanner were used to rapidly recognize and register dynamic target objects in a 3D space by separating target object's point cloud data from other background point cloud data for quick process. The experimental results were promising in terms of modeling speed and accuracy. If successful, as an on-going project, the proposed PRP method can significantly improve heavy construction equipment operations and automated equipment control by rapidly modeling dynamic target objects in a 3D view.

11 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors identify the major challenges associated with recording accurate dimension measurements, such as occlusions, missing data points, angle of incidence, and imprecision of measurements on the data.
Abstract: Purpose When a laser scan is performed and no prior information is available about the building, standard sections of components need to be identified from point cloud data in order to generate informative as-is building information models (BIMs). Currently, the standard steel sections used at a site are not automatically identified from the point cloud data. Various issues related to the laser scan data, challenge automation, such as occlusions, missing data points, angle of incidence, and imprecision of measurements on the data. Method The research described in this paper relates to the manual determination of steel beam sizes used in a steel worker training facility, which contained about 16 beams, 63 columns, and 12 scans collected over 4 days of construction. Results & Discussion We identified that occlusions and noise are the major challenges associated with recording accurate dimension measurements. The identification of correct steel sections based on such inaccurate measurements is even more challenging since the decision should be based on all defining (e.g., flange width, depth) dimensions.

11 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A reverse engineering algorithm is proposed, which can measure the preciseness of pipes, by comparing the 3D CAD model and the3D shape information obtained from a laser scanner, and can contribute to re-construction prevention and quality control in the construction process.
Abstract: The domestic plant construction market is in a prosperous condition, due to the uprising demand for industry facility and infrastructure, triggered by the oil price rise in Middle East Asia. It is difficult, however, to survive in competition with advanced foreign construction companies, because domestic companies rely heavily on labor-intensive construction conventions in AEC(Architectural, Engineering and Construction industry). In particular, the piping work in a plant construction project accounts for many portions of the critical paths, from the viewpoint of process control. Although plant construction projects need to deal with complex three-dimensional piping information, most domestic companies rely on two-dimensional CAD drawings for construction and quality control, which frequently leads to significant problems, such as construction delay, and productivity decrease. For such reasons, it is problematic, in that the build ability, workability, and productivity of projects are dependent on the workers’ abilities to understand drawings and their technical skill. In other words, as plant construction projects are getting more complicated in details, and more increased in size, it is urgently needed to develop an efficient information management methodology, in order to figure out heterogeneous 3D piping information in a real-time manner. Reverse engineering for obtaining 3D shape information using a 3D laser scanner is used, in order to extract drawing information from constructed objects. In particular, as piping works control the Critical Path (CP) in the plant construction project, in this study, a reverse engineering algorithm is proposed, which can measure the preciseness of pipes, by comparing the 3D CAD model and the 3D shape information obtained from a laser scanner. Applying the algorithm can contribute to re-construction prevention and quality control in the construction process.

11 citations

Book ChapterDOI
02 May 2018
TL;DR: The proposed triangulation algorithm is used for defragmentation of laser scanning point clouds into semantic component parts and the results of real problems’ solutions show the robustness of the proposed algorithms.
Abstract: Laser scanning data processing is widely used to solve regional planning problems in a GIS environment including Digital Terrain Models (DTMs) analysis and ground surface reconstruction. Some gaps in algorithms for processing of raw laser scanning data during DTM creation are analyzed. Algorithms for filtration, triangulation and defragmentation of laser scanning point clouds are proposed. Advantages and disadvantages of the algorithms proposed are discussed. The proposed triangulation algorithm is used for defragmentation of laser scanning point clouds into semantic component parts. Defragmentation includes recognition of engineering objects and other objects of the terrain, and their delineation. The results of real problems’ solutions described in the paper show the robustness of the proposed algorithms.

11 citations

References
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: New results are derived on the minimum number of landmarks needed to obtain a solution, and algorithms are presented for computing these minimum-landmark solutions in closed form that provide the basis for an automatic system that can solve the Location Determination Problem under difficult viewing.
Abstract: A new paradigm, Random Sample Consensus (RANSAC), for fitting a model to experimental data is introduced. RANSAC is capable of interpreting/smoothing data containing a significant percentage of gross errors, and is thus ideally suited for applications in automated image analysis where interpretation is based on the data provided by error-prone feature detectors. A major portion of this paper describes the application of RANSAC to the Location Determination Problem (LDP): Given an image depicting a set of landmarks with known locations, determine that point in space from which the image was obtained. In response to a RANSAC requirement, new results are derived on the minimum number of landmarks needed to obtain a solution, and algorithms are presented for computing these minimum-landmark solutions in closed form. These results provide the basis for an automatic system that can solve the LDP under difficult viewing

23,396 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper has designed a stand-alone, flexible C++ implementation that enables the evaluation of individual components and that can easily be extended to include new algorithms.
Abstract: Stereo matching is one of the most active research areas in computer vision. While a large number of algorithms for stereo correspondence have been developed, relatively little work has been done on characterizing their performance. In this paper, we present a taxonomy of dense, two-frame stereo methods designed to assess the different components and design decisions made in individual stereo algorithms. Using this taxonomy, we compare existing stereo methods and present experiments evaluating the performance of many different variants. In order to establish a common software platform and a collection of data sets for easy evaluation, we have designed a stand-alone, flexible C++ implementation that enables the evaluation of individual components and that can be easily extended to include new algorithms. We have also produced several new multiframe stereo data sets with ground truth, and are making both the code and data sets available on the Web.

7,458 citations


"Automatic reconstruction of as-buil..." refers background in this paper

  • ...In other fields, such as computer vision, standard test sets and performance metrics have been established [72,83], but no standard evaluation metrics have been established for as-built BIM creation as yet....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Recognition-by-components (RBC) provides a principled account of the heretofore undecided relation between the classic principles of perceptual organization and pattern recognition.
Abstract: The perceptual recognition of objects is conceptualized to be a process in which the image of the input is segmented at regions of deep concavity into an arrangement of simple geometric components, such as blocks, cylinders, wedges, and cones. The fundamental assumption of the proposed theory, recognition-by-components (RBC), is that a modest set of generalized-cone components, called geons (N £ 36), can be derived from contrasts of five readily detectable properties of edges in a two-dimensiona l image: curvature, collinearity, symmetry, parallelism, and cotermination. The detection of these properties is generally invariant over viewing position an$ image quality and consequently allows robust object perception when the image is projected from a novel viewpoint or is degraded. RBC thus provides a principled account of the heretofore undecided relation between the classic principles of perceptual organization and pattern recognition: The constraints toward regularization (Pragnanz) characterize not the complete object but the object's components. Representational power derives from an allowance of free combinations of the geons. A Principle of Componential Recovery can account for the major phenomena of object recognition: If an arrangement of two or three geons can be recovered from the input, objects can be quickly recognized even when they are occluded, novel, rotated in depth, or extensively degraded. The results from experiments on the perception of briefly presented pictures by human observers provide empirical support for the theory. Any single object can project an infinity of image configurations to the retina. The orientation of the object to the viewer can vary continuously, each giving rise to a different two-dimensional projection. The object can be occluded by other objects or texture fields, as when viewed behind foliage. The object need not be presented as a full-colored textured image but instead can be a simplified line drawing. Moreover, the object can even be missing some of its parts or be a novel exemplar of its particular category. But it is only with rare exceptions that an image fails to be rapidly and readily classified, either as an instance of a familiar object category or as an instance that cannot be so classified (itself a form of classification).

5,464 citations


"Automatic reconstruction of as-buil..." refers background in this paper

  • ...Various researchers have proposed candidate sets of primitives, such as geons [9], superquadrics [3], and generalized cylinders [10]....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Two of the most critical requirements in support of producing reliable face-recognition systems are a large database of facial images and a testing procedure to evaluate systems.
Abstract: Two of the most critical requirements in support of producing reliable face-recognition systems are a large database of facial images and a testing procedure to evaluate systems. The Face Recognition Technology (FERET) program has addressed both issues through the FERET database of facial images and the establishment of the FERET tests. To date, 14,126 images from 1,199 individuals are included in the FERET database, which is divided into development and sequestered portions of the database. In September 1996, the FERET program administered the third in a series of FERET face-recognition tests. The primary objectives of the third test were to 1) assess the state of the art, 2) identify future areas of research, and 3) measure algorithm performance.

4,816 citations

Proceedings ArticleDOI
01 Aug 1996
TL;DR: This paper presents a volumetric method for integrating range images that is able to integrate a large number of range images yielding seamless, high-detail models of up to 2.6 million triangles.
Abstract: A number of techniques have been developed for reconstructing surfaces by integrating groups of aligned range images. A desirable set of properties for such algorithms includes: incremental updating, representation of directional uncertainty, the ability to fill gaps in the reconstruction, and robustness in the presence of outliers. Prior algorithms possess subsets of these properties. In this paper, we present a volumetric method for integrating range images that possesses all of these properties. Our volumetric representation consists of a cumulative weighted signed distance function. Working with one range image at a time, we first scan-convert it to a distance function, then combine this with the data already acquired using a simple additive scheme. To achieve space efficiency, we employ a run-length encoding of the volume. To achieve time efficiency, we resample the range image to align with the voxel grid and traverse the range and voxel scanlines synchronously. We generate the final manifold by extracting an isosurface from the volumetric grid. We show that under certain assumptions, this isosurface is optimal in the least squares sense. To fill gaps in the model, we tessellate over the boundaries between regions seen to be empty and regions never observed. Using this method, we are able to integrate a large number of range images (as many as 70) yielding seamless, high-detail models of up to 2.6 million triangles.

3,282 citations


"Automatic reconstruction of as-buil..." refers background in this paper

  • ...Non-parametric geometricmodeling reconstructs a surface, typically in the formof a triangle mesh [41], or a volume [18]....

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