Autonomous/controlled travel motivations and their effect on travel intentions of Indian Millennials: a mixed method approach
TL;DR: With the self-determination theory (SDT) as grounding, this paper used qualitative investigation with twenty-five respondents and a two-stage quantitative validation with 782 respondents, to conduct a study with self-determined individuals.
Abstract: With the self-determination theory (SDT) as grounding, the current study uses qualitative investigation with twenty-five respondents and a two-stage quantitative validation with 782 respondents, to
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TL;DR: In this article , the authors identify the motivations that lead people with disabilities to make the decision to participate in tourism and to ascertain whether there are differences in these motivations between PwD with and without tourism experiences.
Abstract: ABSTRACT The aim of this study is to identify the motivations that lead people with disabilities (PwD) to make the decision to participate in tourism and to ascertain whether there are differences in these motivations between PwD with and without tourism experiences. To achieve this goal, a guiding research model was created based on the mechanism of self-determination theory (SDT). A mixed methodology approach was used. First, semi-structured interviews were conducted with a sample of PwD living in Portugal (N = 28). Second, a questionnaire was administered to a sample of Portuguese with disabilities (N = 348). The results obtained highlight that PwD are motivated to participate in tourism activities, mainly because of the benefits they expect to gain from these experiences. However, a great number have never had the possibility of participating in tourism activities. Intrinsic or self-determined motivations such as pleasure, increased knowledge, well-being and personal development, stand out. Moreover, PwD who have never had the opportunity to participate in tourism activities perceive more benefits than those who have already participated. The paper ends with the theoretical and practical implications, the limitations and future research to increase knowledge in an area that has been little explored in the literature.
8 citations
TL;DR: In this article , the modulating effects of the impact of boredom and travel motivation on travel intention were investigated, and it was revealed that while the fear of COVID-19 had a moderating role, the travel motivation had a mediating role.
Abstract: The study addresses the modulating effects of the impact of boredom and travel motivation on travel intention; additionally, the resulting model includes the impact of this intention and the fear of COVID-19 on the willingness to pay (WTP) more to benefit from additional safety measures at the destination. Furthermore, the moderating role of fear of COVID-19 was also tested as well as the mediating role of travel motivation in the model. Overall, 549 valid data were collected from potential tourists who live in Turkey and Russia. In the light of the findings of the study, the boredom was found to have a positive and significant effect on the travel motivation and intention. On the other hand, WTP is positively affected by travel intention and fear of COVID-19. Moreover, it was revealed that while the fear of COVID-19 had a moderating role, the travel motivation had a mediating role. The empirical results provide theoretical and practical implications for tourism managers for the development of safety measures in tourism services and the design of effective actions to restore tourism.
5 citations
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29 Oct 2021
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TL;DR: Ajzen, 1985, 1987, this article reviewed the theory of planned behavior and some unresolved issues and concluded that the theory is well supported by empirical evidence and that intention to perform behaviors of different kinds can be predicted with high accuracy from attitudes toward the behavior, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control; and these intentions, together with perceptions of behavioral control, account for considerable variance in actual behavior.
65,095 citations
TL;DR: Research guided by self-determination theory has focused on the social-contextual conditions that facilitate versus forestall the natural processes of self-motivation and healthy psychological development, leading to the postulate of three innate psychological needs--competence, autonomy, and relatedness.
Abstract: Human beings can be proactive and engaged or, alternatively, passive and alienated, largely as a function of the social conditions in which they develop and function. Accordingly, research guided by self-determination theo~ has focused on the social-contextual conditions that facilitate versus forestall the natural processes of self-motivation and healthy psychological development. Specifically, factors have been examined that enhance versus undermine intrinsic motivation, self-regulation, and well-being. The findings have led to the postulate of three innate psychological needs--competence, autonomy, and relatednesswhich when satisfied yield enhanced self-motivation and mental health and when thwarted lead to diminished motivation and well-being. Also considered is the significance of these psychological needs and processes within domains such as health care, education, work, sport, religion, and psychotherapy. T he fullest representations of humanity show people to be curious, vital, and self-motivated. At their best, they are agentic and inspired, striving to learn; extend themselves; master new skills; and apply their talents responsibly. That most people show considerable effort, agency, and commitment in their lives appears, in fact, to be more normative than exceptional, suggesting some very positive and persistent features of human nature. Yet, it is also clear that the human spirit can be diminished or crushed and that individuals sometimes reject growth and responsibility. Regardless of social strata or cultural origin, examples of both children and adults who are apathetic, alienated, and irresponsible are abundant. Such non-optimal human functioning can be observed not only in our psychological clinics but also among the millions who, for hours a day, sit passively before their televisions, stare blankly from the back of their classrooms, or wait listlessly for the weekend as they go about their jobs. The persistent, proactive, and positive tendencies of human nature are clearly not invariantly apparent. The fact that human nature, phenotypically expressed, can be either active or passive, constructive or indolent, suggests more than mere dispositional differences and is a function of more than just biological endowments. It also bespeaks a wide range of reactions to social environments that is worthy of our most intense scientific investigation. Specifically, social contexts catalyze both within- and between-person differences in motivation and personal growth, resulting in people being more self-motivated, energized, and integrated in some situations, domains, and cultures than in others. Research on the conditions that foster versus undermine positive human potentials has both theoretical import and practical significance because it can contribute not only to formal knowledge of the causes of human behavior but also to the design of social environments that optimize people's development, performance, and well-being. Research guided by self-determination theory (SDT) has had an ongoing concern with precisely these
29,115 citations
TL;DR: Existing evidence supports the hypothesis that the need to belong is a powerful, fundamental, and extremely pervasive motivation, and people form social attachments readily under most conditions and resist the dissolution of existing bonds.
Abstract: A hypothesized need to form and maintain strong, stable interpersonal relationships is evaluated in light of the empirical literature. The need is for frequent, nonaversive interactions within an ongoing relational bond. Consistent with the belongingness hypothesis, people form social attachments readily under most conditions and resist the dissolution of existing bonds. Belongingness appears to have multiple and strong effects on emotional patterns and on cognitive processes. Lack of attachments is linked to a variety of ill effects on health, adjustment, and well-being. Other evidence, such as that concerning satiation, substitution, and behavioral consequences, is likewise consistent with the hypothesized motivation. Several seeming counterexamples turned out not to disconfirm the hypothesis. Existing evidence supports the hypothesis that the need to belong is a powerful, fundamental, and extremely pervasive motivation.
17,492 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the change in the goodness-of-fit index (GFI) when cross-group constraints are imposed on a measurement model and found that the change was independent of both model complexity and sample size.
Abstract: Measurement invariance is usually tested using Multigroup Confirmatory Factor Analysis, which examines the change in the goodness-of-fit index (GFI) when cross-group constraints are imposed on a measurement model. Although many studies have examined the properties of GFI as indicators of overall model fit for single-group data, there have been none to date that examine how GFIs change when between-group constraints are added to a measurement model. The lack of a consensus about what constitutes significant GFI differences places limits on measurement invariance testing. We examine 20 GFIs based on the minimum fit function. A simulation under the two-group situation was used to examine changes in the GFIs (ΔGFIs) when invariance constraints were added. Based on the results, we recommend using Δcomparative fit index, ΔGamma hat, and ΔMcDonald's Noncentrality Index to evaluate measurement invariance. These three ΔGFIs are independent of both model complexity and sample size, and are not correlated with the o...
10,597 citations
TL;DR: A quantitative integration and review of research on the Theory of Planned Behaviour and the subjective norm, which found that intentions and self-predictions were better predictors of behaviour than attitude, subjective norm and PBC.
Abstract: The Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) has received considerable attention in the literature. The present study is a quantitative integration and review of that research. From a database of 185 independent studies published up to the end of 1997, the TPB accounted for 27% and 39% of the variance in behaviour and intention, respectively. The perceived behavioural control (PBC) construct accounted for significant amounts of variance in intention and behaviour, independent of theory of reasoned action variables. When behaviour measures were self-reports, the TPB accounted for 11% more of the variance in behaviour than when behaviour measures were objective or observed (R2s = .31 and .21, respectively). Attitude, subjective norm and PBC account for significantly more of the variance in individuals' desires than intentions or self-predictions, but intentions and self-predictions were better predictors of behaviour. The subjective norm construct is generally found to be a weak predictor of intentions. This is partly attributable to a combination of poor measurement and the need for expansion of the normative component. The discussion focuses on ways in which current TPB research can be taken forward in the light of the present review.
8,889 citations