Aversive and cognitive factors in the modification of smoking behaviour
TL;DR: It is speculated that the manipulation of covert events and behavioural rehearsal of the deviant act may be important adjuncts of the aversive paradigm by virtue of the greater generalizability of the self-generated cues to extra-therapy situations.
About: This article is published in Behaviour Research and Therapy.The article was published on 1970-05-01. It has received 74 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Behaviour therapy.
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TL;DR: In this paper, a variety of tasks were employed to train the child to use self-instructions to control his nonverbal behavior, and the difficulty level of the training tasks was increased over the four training sessions requiring more cognitively demanding activities.
Abstract: A variety of tasks was employed to train the child to use self-instructions to control his nonverbal behavior. The tasks varied along a dimension from simple sensorimotor abilities to more complex problem-solving abilities. The difficulty level of the training tasks was increased over the four training sessions requiring more cognitively demanding activities. One can imagine a similar training sequence in the learning of a new motor skill such as driving a car. Initially the driver actively goes through a mental checklist, sometimes aloud, which includes verbal rehearsal, self-guidance, and sometimes appropriate self-reinforcement, especially when driving a stick-shift car. Three different psychometric tests were used to assess changes in behavioral and cognitive impulsivity during the pretreatment, posttreatment, and follow-up periods. The impulsive child was exposed to a model which demonstrated the strategy to search for differences that would allow him successively to eliminate as incorrect all variants but one.
1,277 citations
TL;DR: Findings and theoretical implications of studies concerned with initiation, maintenance, and therapy of cigarette smoking in children and adults are reviewed, and a hypothesis is presented to account for the development of craving conditioned to internal and external cues.
Abstract: This article reviews findings and examines theoretical implications of studies concerned with initiation, maintenance, and therapy of cigarette smoking in children and adults. The following conclusions are offered: (a) Recent increases in success rates may be due to changes in the social environment that multiply the action of previously unsuccessful procedures, (b) current interventions are based on communication and behavioral models that ignore features unique to smoking, (c) methodological refinements of current interventions are unlikely to significantly increase success rates, (d) prevention studies should be directed toward critical steps in the developmental history of smoking (e.g., preventing initial attempts, facilitating negative interpretations of initial attempts, and retarding regular usage), and (e) studies of cessation and withdrawal must consider findings and theories of nicotine dependence. A hypothesis is presented to account for the development of craving conditioned to internal and external cues, and suggestions about how to eliminate the craving state are made.
798 citations
TL;DR: Research is reviewed on the utility of the locus of control construct in understanding smoking reduction, birth control utilization, weight loss, information-seeking, adherence to medication regimens, and other health or sick-role behaviors.
Abstract: Locus of control, an individual difference construct from social learning theory, has shown some promise in predicting and explaining specific health-related behaviors. Research is reviewed on the utility of the locus of control construct in understanding smoking reduction, birth control utilization, weight loss, information-seeking, adherence to medication regimens, and other health or sick-role behaviors. Implications for health educators are presented.
534 citations
499 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the applicability of thought self-leadership in an organizational setting (of bankruptcy financial status), and the potential for cognitions to be self-controlled was examined.
Abstract: Thought self-leadership involves employee self-influence through cognitive strategies that focus on individual self-dialogue, mental imagery, beliefs and assumptions, and thought patterns A training intervention-based field study with a control group was undertaken to empirically examine the applicability of thought self-leadership in an organizational setting (of bankruptcy financial status), and the potential for cognitions to be self-controlled Results suggested that individuals who received the thought self-leadership training experienced increased mental performance, positive affect (enthusiasm), job satisfaction, and decreased negative affect (nervousness) relative to those not receiving the training Additionally, the trainees reported a strong and positive reaction to the training Finally, those who received the training experienced enhanced perceptions of self-efficacy and more optimistic perceptions of the organization's bankruptcy condition than those not receiving the training
381 citations
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3,216 citations
481 citations
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01 Jan 1966
TL;DR: This is clearly a book to be recommended to every scientist interested in underwater research, hyperbaric medicine and anaesthesia, and Dr Bennett should be encouraged with any further publication.
Abstract: necessarily simple. It is fair assumption that prospective readers understand the gas laws, equivalent pressures and other basic facts. The chapter on Signs and Symptoms dwells a little lengthily on psychomotor aspects and in this chapter Dr Bennett mentions that the noble gases possess narcotic properties, an interesting fact for anaesthetists. The causes of narcosis are grouped as one chapter and include pressure alone, psychological origins, raised partial pressures of oxygen or inert gases. In the following chapter, Dr Bennett indicates that tissue carbon dioxide retention is not the prime cause of compressed air intoxication though increased oxygen partial pressure and carbon dioxide retention are synergistic. The chapter on Electrical Activity of the Brain and Inert Gas Narcosis is well done, this being Dr Bennett's forte. Other chapters in the book include Possible Mechanisms of Narcosis, Action of Gases on Synaptic Mechanisms, Prevention of Narcosis, and Recent Developments in the Field. Apart from small points, the book is well compiled, with a minimum of first edition errors. The illustrations and graphs are clear, while the references are comprehensive and detailed. This is clearly a book to be recommended to every scientist interested in underwater research, hyperbaric medicine and anaesthesia, and Dr Bennett should be encouraged with any further publication.
380 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors explore the consequences of assuming that private events obey the same laws as public ones and show that knowledge of the topography of a response is not required to control its frequency, and that the differential probability hypothesis can be exploited to control reinforcement contingencies.
Abstract: Some of the consequences of assuming that private events obey the same laws as public ones are explored. Corollaries to this assumption are that knowledge of the topography of a response is not required to control its frequency, and that Premack’s differential probability hypothesis can be exploited to control reinforcement contingencies. Preliminary indications are that behavioristic analyses of private events are fruitful and will yield powerful tools in the control of other behaviors.
266 citations
235 citations