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Journal ArticleDOI

AZTEC, a Preprocessing Program for Real-Time ECG Rhythm Analysis

TL;DR: A preprocessing program developed for real-time monitoring of the electrocardiogram by digital computer has proved useful for rhythm analysis.
Abstract: A preprocessing program developed for real-time monitoring of the electrocardiogram by digital computer has proved useful for rhythm analysis. The program suppresses low amplitude signals, reduces the data rate by a factor of about 10, and codes the result in a form convenient for analysis.
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The theoretical bases behind the direct ECG data compression schemes are presented and classified into three categories: tolerance-comparison compression, DPCM, and entropy coding methods and a framework for evaluation and comparison of ECG compression schemes is presented.
Abstract: Electrocardiogram (ECG) compression techniques are compared, and a unified view of these techniques is established. ECG data compression schemes are presented in two major groups: direct data compression and transformation methods. The direct data compression techniques are ECG differential pulse code modulation (DPCM) and entropy coding, AZTEC, Turning-point, CORTES, Fan and SAPA algorithms, peak-picking, and cycle-to-cycle compression methods. The transformation methods include Fourier, Walsh, and Karhunen-Loeve transforms. The theoretical bases behind the direct ECG data compression schemes are presented and classified into three categories: tolerance-comparison compression, DPCM, and entropy coding methods. A framework for evaluation and comparison of ECG compression schemes is presented. >

690 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Pilot data from a blind evaluation of compressed ECG's by cardiologists suggest that the clinically useful information present in original ECG signals is preserved by 8:1 compression, and in most cases 16:1 compressed ECGs are clinically useful.
Abstract: Wavelets and wavelet packets have recently emerged as powerful tools for signal compression. Wavelet and wavelet packet-based compression algorithms based on embedded zerotree wavelet (EZW) coding are developed for electrocardiogram (ECG) signals, and eight different wavelets are evaluated for their ability to compress Holter ECG data. Pilot data from a blind evaluation of compressed ECG's by cardiologists suggest that the clinically useful information present in original ECG signals is preserved by 8:1 compression, and in most cases 16:1 compressed ECG's are clinically useful.

445 citations


Cites methods from "AZTEC, a Preprocessing Program for ..."

  • ...Most lossy ECG compression algorithms belong to either of the following categories: direct data compression methods [8], [12], [25], which detect redundancies by direct analysis of actual signal samples; or transform methods [1], [3], [21], which rst transform the signal to some other time{frequency representation better suited for detecting and removing redundancies....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The correlation between the proposed WDD measure and the MOS test measure (MOS/sub error/) was found superior to the correlation betweenThe popular PRD measure andThe MOS/ sub error/.
Abstract: In this paper, a new distortion measure for electrocardiogram (ECG) signal compression, called weighted diagnostic distortion (WDD) is introduced. The WDD measure is designed for comparing the distortion between original ECG signal and reconstructed ECG signal (after compression). The WDD is based on PQRST complex diagnostic features (such as P wave duration, QT interval, T shape, ST elevation) of the original ECG signal and the reconstructed one. Unlike other conventional distortion measures [e.g. percentage root mean square (rms) difference, or PRD], the WDD contains direct diagnostic information and thus is more meaningful and useful. Four compression algorithms were implemented (AZTEC, SAPA2, LTP, ASEC) in order to evaluate the WDD. A mean opinion score (MOS) test was applied to test the quality of the reconstructed signals and to compare the quality measure (MOS/sub error/) with the proposed WDD measure and the popular PRD measure. The evaluators in the WIGS test were three independent expert cardiologists, who studied the reconstructed ECG signals in a blind and a semiblind tests. The correlation between the proposed WDD measure and the MOS test measure (MOS/sub error/) was found superior to the correlation between the popular PRD measure and the MOS/sub error/.

393 citations


Cites methods from "AZTEC, a Preprocessing Program for ..."

  • ...The ECG signals were taken from the MIT-BIH Arrhythmia database [30] and the compression algorithms were chosen to be: analysis by synthesis ECG compressor (ASEC) with WDD minimization and with PRD minimization [20], [31], LTP [13], SAPA2 [8], and AZTEC [3]....

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  • ...Four compression algorithms were implemented (AZTEC, SAPA2, LTP, ASEC) in order to evaluate the WDD....

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  • ...[3] J. R. Cox, F. M. Nolle, H. A. Fozzard, and C. G. Oliver, “AZTEC, a preprocessing program for real time ECG rhythm analysis,”IEEE Trans....

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  • ...(a) Original ECG signal (MIT-BIH record 214), (b) reconstructed signal, which was compressed by the AZTEC algorithm....

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  • ...These compressors were chosen, because AZTEC and SAPA2 are often referred for comparison in the literature, and ASEC and LTP are two of the best ECG compressors available today....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The most recent feature selection methods developed for and applied in medical problems are reviewed, covering prolific research fields such as medical imaging, biomedical signal processing, and DNA microarray data analysis.

320 citations

Book
17 Jun 2008
TL;DR: The Encyclopedia of Healthcare Information Systems provides an extensive and rich compilation of international research, discussing the use, adoption, design, and diffusion of information communication technologies (ICTs) in healthcare, including the role of ICTs in the future of healthcare delivery.
Abstract: Healthcare, a vital industry that touches most of us in our lives, faces major challenges in demographics, technology, and finance. Longer life expectancy and an aging population, technological advancements that keep people younger and healthier, and financial issues are a constant strain on healthcare organizations' resources and management. Focusing on the organization's ability to improve access, quality, and value of care to the patient may present possible solutions to these challenges.""The Encyclopedia of Healthcare Information Systems"" provides an extensive and rich compilation of international research, discussing the use, adoption, design, and diffusion of information communication technologies (ICTs) in healthcare, including the role of ICTs in the future of healthcare delivery; access, quality, and value of healthcare; nature and evaluation of medical technologies; ethics and social implications; and medical information management.

294 citations

References
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It has been shown that subjects with clinical evidence of coronary heart disease have a much greater incidence of high-frequency notching and slurring in the electrocardiogram recorded with high-fidelity equipment.

103 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Mar 1967
TL;DR: Methods of achieving greater flexibility by combining the redundancy reduction techniques with an electronically programmable telemetry system are discussed and application of these techniques to other data management problems is also described.
Abstract: Acceptance of redundancy reduction as a practical method of bandwidth and/or power conservation is a significant tread in aerospace communication and telemetry. Techniques for accomplishing data compression are discussed, examples of performance are given, and a machine design for aerospace vehicle use is described. Methods of achieving greater flexibility by combining the redundancy reduction techniques with an electronically programmable telemetry system are discussed. Application of these techniques to other data management problems is also described. A list of relevant publications is provided.

73 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: As an aid in detailed mathematical analysis of biomedical data, generalpurpose digital computers are now being widely used because of their high computational speed, large memory capacity, and capability of making arithmetic and logical decisions.
Abstract: As an aid in detailed mathematical analysis of biomedical data, generalpurpose digital computers are now being widely used because of their high computational speed, large memory capacity, and capability of making arithmetic and logical decisions.' In data analysis, digital computers can be programmed to automatically recognize and quantify patterns, extract significant characteristics, uncover correlations, and compare one set of data with other sets of data. Each digital computer has specific data language and format characteristics. Inherently, a digital computer accepts only data in digital form in a particular code sequence that represents a numerical value. Biomedical data are usually in analog form in which continuous electrical voltages represent some particular physical measurement. The purpose of an analog-to-digital conversion system is to translate these analog data into the form required for digital computation.

6 citations