B2VDM: Blockchain Based Vehicular Data Management

Survey on blockchain-based applications in internet of vehicles

Abstract: Vehicular networks are evolving towards a new paradigm, the Internet of Vehicles (IoV). With IoV, vehicles should be able to communicate with their environment using heterogeneous access technologies. To make it reality, security, privacy, cooperation and trust establishment in vehicular networks should be considered. Blockchain, a popular distributed ledger technology, could be a way to overcome these challenges. That is why the integration of this technology within vehicular networks is currently under study. The aim of this survey is to provide directions for future work in the area of Blockchain-based vehicular networks. To do so, existing research works aiming to overcome vehicular challenges using the Blockchain technology are presented and compared. Moreover, different requirements related to the deployment of Blockchain-based applications in vehicular networks are identified and analysed. Finally, challenges related to the integration of the Blockchain technology within vehicular networks are discussed.

Blockchain-Enabled Cross-Domain Object Detection for Autonomous Driving: A Model Sharing Approach

Abstract: Object detection for autonomous driving is a huge challenge in the cross-domain adaptation scenario, especially for the time- and resource-consuming task. Distributed deep learning (DDL) has demonstrated a considerably good balance between efficiency and computation complexity. However, the reliability of DDL is low. Moreover, the cost of training data and model is not priced well. In this article, a novel blockchain-enabled model sharing approach is proposed to improve the performance of object detection with cross-domain adaptation for autonomous driving systems. Based on the blockchain and mobile-edge computing (MEC) technology, a domain-adaptive you-only-look-once (YOLOv2) model is trained across nodes, which can reduce significantly the domain discrepancy for different object categories. Furthermore, smart contracts are developed to perform data storage and model sharing tasks efficiently. The reliability of model sharing is ensured with blockchain consensus. We evaluate the proposed method under public data sets. The simulation results demonstrate that the efficiency and reliability of the proposed approach are better than the reference model.

BSFP: Blockchain-Enabled Smart Parking With Fairness, Reliability and Privacy Protection

Abstract: The convenience of using private cars has an accompanying parking challenge which becomes a significant issue in congested metropolitans and downtown areas. The explosive increase in the number of vehicles has substantially raised the issue of finding a suitable parking spot, which is both time and resource consuming. At the same time, many private parking spots remain idle, while their owners are not present at home. To promote the utility of private parking spots and mitigate parking issues, smart parking apps can be used. Unfortunately, some of them suffer from privacy issues that affect participation willingness, while others work in a centralized environment where the availability of service is not guaranteed in the presence of malicious users. In this work, we propose Blockchain-based Smart parking with Fairness, reliability and Privacy protection, called BSFP. Specifically, group signatures, bloom filters, and vector-based encryption are leveraged to protect the user's privacy. The decentralized nature of blockchain is utilized to achieve reliability in smart parking, and the smart contract is used to realize fairness. Comprehensive security analysis and experimental results based on the real-world dataset show that BSFP achieves fairness, reliability and privacy protection with high efficiency.

Blockchain-based multimedia sharing in vehicular social networks with privacy protection

Abstract: The rapid development of the vehicular ad-hoc network (VANET) promotes the development of vehicle electronics, networking, and intelligence. In addition, each vehicle can establish social relationships with others freely in vehicular social networks (VSNs). Multimedia also plays an important entity in vehicles’ data sharing. However, VSNs are still in the early stage of development, and it may bring many security challenges in the process of sharing multimedia data. Both the users’ and vehicles’ privacy may be leaked, and users’ communication habits are easy to be analyzed by adversaries. In addition, the shared multimedia data are more likely to be maliciously tampered with or forged. In this paper, we propose a privacy-preserving scheme based on blockchain for multimedia data sharing in VSNs. We use cryptographical primitives to hide the real identity of users, vehicles and RSUs. At the same time, we use blockchain to ensure reliable data sources and keep attackers from tampering or forging multimedia data. Finally, the feasibility of our scheme is proved by theoretical security analysis and comprehensive experimental evaluation.

Ethereum: A Secure Decentralised Generalised Transaction Ledger

Abstract: The blockchain paradigm when coupled with cryptographically-secured transactions has demonstrated its utility through a number of projects, not least Bitcoin. Each such project can be seen as a simple application on a decentralised, but singleton, compute resource. We can call this paradigm a transactional singleton machine with shared-state. Ethereum implements this paradigm in a generalised manner. Furthermore it provides a plurality of such resources, each with a distinct state and operating code but able to interact through a message-passing framework with others. We discuss its design, implementation issues, the opportunities it provides and the future hurdles we envisage.

Routing in vehicular ad hoc networks: A survey

Abstract: Vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) is an emerging new technology integrating ad hoc network, wireless LAN (WLAN) and cellular technology to achieve intelligent inter-vehicle communications and improve road traffic safety and efficiency. VANETs are distinguished from other kinds of ad hoc networks by their hybrid network architectures, node movement characteristics, and new application scenarios. Therefore, VANETs pose many unique networking research challenges, and the design of an efficient routing protocol for VANETs is very crucial. In this article, we discuss the research challenge of routing in VANETs and survey recent routing protocols and related mobility models for VANETs.

A comprehensive survey on vehicular Ad Hoc network

Abstract: Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) are classified as an application of mobile ad hoc network (MANET) that has the potential in improving road safety and in providing travellers comfort. Recently VANETs have emerged to turn the attention of researchers in the field of wireless and mobile communications, they differ from MANET by their architecture, challenges, characteristics and applications. In this paper we present aspects related to this field to help researchers and developers to understand and distinguish the main features surrounding VANET in one solid document, without the need to go through other relevant papers and articles starting from VANET architecture and ending up with the most appropriate simulation tools to simulate VANET protocols and applications.

Vehicular communication systems: Enabling technologies, applications, and future outlook on intelligent transportation

Abstract: Numerous technologies have been deployed to assist and manage transportation. But recent concerted efforts in academia and industry point to a paradigm shift in intelligent transportation systems. Vehicles will carry computing and communication platforms, and will have enhanced sensing capabilities. They will enable new versatile systems that enhance transportation safety and efficiency and will provide infotainment. This article surveys the state-of-the-art approaches, solutions, and technologies across a broad range of projects for vehicular communication systems.

BlockChain: A Distributed Solution to Automotive Security and Privacy

Abstract: Interconnected smart vehicles offer a range of sophisticated services that benefit the vehicle owners, transport authorities, car manufacturers, and other service providers. This potentially exposes smart vehicles to a range of security and privacy threats such as location tracking or remote hijacking of the vehicle. In this article, we argue that blockchain (BC), a disruptive technology that has found many applications from cryptocurrencies to smart contracts, is a potential solution to these challenges. We propose a BC-based architecture to protect the privacy of users and to increase the security of the vehicular ecosystem. Wireless remote software updates and other emerging services such as dynamic vehicle insurance fees are used to illustrate the efficacy of the proposed security architecture. We also qualitatively argue the resilience of the architecture against common security attacks.