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Proceedings ArticleDOI

Baseline procedure for conceptual designing of an eVTOL for Urban Air Mobility

TL;DR: In this paper, an enhanced eVTOL configuration using coaxial ducted tilt rotors with wings is presented, which sets a baseline procedure and an initial iteration example for the industries and upcoming companies in this sector.
Abstract: Urban Air Mobility (UAM) is a long-desired service which will revolutionize the present transportation facilities, by introducing air mobility for on-demand aviation. Due to the continuous increase in population, road traffic is increasing at alarming rates and the problem of congestion is also increasing in metro cities. These new services will provide improved ways for individuals to go around urban communities and urban territories while decreasing blockage. eVTOLs are aircraft that are capable of Vertical Take-off and Landing (VTOL) with no requirement of run-up space and are tremendously getting popular when it comes to UAM due to the important factor of clean propulsion with zero-emission. The industry is rapidly proposing and adopting new vehicle concepts to meet consumer demands and hence conceptually designing these vehicles with basic guidelines will set a preliminary foundation for more innovative technologies to come. This research work sets a baseline procedure and an initial iteration example for the industries and upcoming companies in this sector hence focuses on the Conceptual designing of eVTOLs. The novelty of the presented work lies in enhanced eVTOL configuration using coaxial ducted tilt rotors with wings.
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article , the authors developed a lightning zoning method for UAM aircraft with complex configurations and investigated the direct effects of lightning strikes on the prop-rotor blade of a UAV aircraft.

3 citations

References
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Book
01 Jan 1989
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present an overview of the design process of an aircraft from a conceptual sketch, including sizing from a Conceptual Sketch and initial sizing of the aircraft.
Abstract: * Design - A Separate Discipline * Overview of the Design Process * Sizing from a Conceptual Sketch * Airfoil and Geometry Selection * Thrust-to-Weight Ratio and Wing Loading * Initial Sizing * Configuration Layout and Loft * Special Considerations in Configuration Layout * Crew Station, Passengers, and Payload * Propulsion and Fuel System Integration * Landing Gear and Subsystems * Intermission: Step-by-Step Development of a New Design * Aerodynamics * Propulsion * Structures and Loads * Weights * Stability, Control, and Handling Qualities * Performance and Flight Mechanics * Cost Analysis * Sizing and Trade Studies * Design of Unique Aircraft Concepts * Conceptual Design Examples * Appendix A: Unit Conversion * Appendix B: Standard Atmosphere.

2,374 citations

Book
28 Nov 2012
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present in one volume the methodologies behind aircraft design, covering the components and the issues affected by design procedures, and explain the design process in a holistic manner to emphasise the integration of individual components into the overall design.
Abstract: Presenting in one volume the methodologies behind aircraft design, this book covers the components and the issues affected by design procedures. The basic topics that are essential to the process, such as aerodynamics, flight stability and control, aero-structure, and aircraft performance are reviewed in various chapters where required. Based on these fundamentals and design requirements, the author explains the design process in a holistic manner to emphasise the integration of the individual components into the overall design. Throughout the book the various design options are considered and weighed against each other, to give readers a practical understanding of the process overall.

255 citations

01 Mar 1997
TL;DR: In this paper, the aerodynamic issues peculiar to coaxial rotors were surveyed by surveying American, Russian, Japanese, British, and German research, including the effects of having no tail rotor.
Abstract: The recent appearance of the Kamov Ka-50 helicopter and the application of coaxial rotors to unmanned aerial vehicles have renewed international interest in the coaxial rotor configuration. This report addresses the aerodynamic issues peculiar to coaxial rotors by surveying American, Russian, Japanese, British, and German research. (Herein, 'coaxial rotors' refers to helicopter, not propeller, rotors. The intermeshing rotor system was not investigated.) Issues addressed are separation distance, load sharing between rotors, wake structure, solidity effects, swirl recovery, and the effects of having no tail rotor. A general summary of the coaxial rotor configuration explores the configuration's advantages and applications.

167 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
28 Feb 2019
TL;DR: The performance of the eVTOLs on the urban, extra-urban, and long-range mission is evaluated and the results show that the best configuration depends on the mission.
Abstract: In the last ten years, different concepts of electric vertical take-off and landing aircrafts (eVTOLs) have been tested. This article addresses the problem of the choice of the best configuration. VTOLs built since the fifties are presented and their advantages, disadvantages, and problems are discussed. Three representative eVTOLs, one for each main configuration, are compared on five main parameters and three reference missions. The parameters are disk loading, total hover time, cruise speed, practical range, and flight time. The performance of the eVTOLs on the urban, extra-urban, and long-range mission is evaluated computing the time and energy required. The results show that the best configuration depends on the mission. The multirotor is more efficient in hover. The vectored thrust jet is more efficient in cruise and has a higher range. The lift + cruise is a compromise.

122 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, Brown's vorticity transport model was used to calculate the profile, induced, and parasite contributions to the overall power consumed by the two systems, and the highly resolved representation of the rotor wake that is produced by the model is used to relate the observed differences in the performance of two systems to the structures of their respective wakes.
Abstract: The performance of a coaxial rotor in hover, in steady forward flight, and in level, coordinated turns is contrasted with that of an equivalent, conventional rotor with the same overall solidity, number of blades, and blade aerodynamic properties. Brown's vorticity transport model is used to calculate the profile, induced, and parasite contributions to the overall power consumed by the two systems, and the highly resolved representation of the rotor wake that is produced by the model is used to relate the observed differences in the performance of the two systems to the structures of their respective wakes. In all flight conditions, all else being equal, the coaxial system requires less induced power than the conventional system. In hover, the conventional rotor consumes increasingly more induced power than the coaxial rotor as thrust is increased. In forward flight, the relative advantage of the coaxial configuration is particularly evident at pretransitional advance ratios. In turning flight, the benefits of the coaxial rotor are seen at all load factors. The beneficial properties of the coaxial rotor in forward flight and maneuver, as far as induced power is concerned, are a subtle effect of rotor-wake interaction and result principally from differences between the two types of rotor in the character and strength of the localized interaction between the developing supervortices and the highly loaded blade-tips at the lateral extremities of the rotor. In hover, the increased axial convection rate of the tip vortices appears to result in a favorable redistribution of the loading slightly inboard of the tip of the upper rotor of the coaxial system.

34 citations