Basics of qualitative research: Grounded theory procedures and techniques
TL;DR: Reading a book as this basics of qualitative research grounded theory procedures and techniques and other references can enrich your life quality.
About: This article is published in Journal of Pediatric Nursing.The article was published on 1994-06-01 and is currently open access. It has received 13415 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Grounded theory & Qualitative research.
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TL;DR: Medical students experienced patient deaths as emotionally powerful even when they were not close to the patients and the amount of support from supervisors as extremely inadequate.
Abstract: Purpose To examine medical students' emotional reactions to their "most memorable" patient death and the support they receive. Method In 2000-01, 65 third-year medical students at two Northeastern U.S. medical schools were randomly selected to participate in 60-90-minute interviews of open-ended and structured questions and a written questionnaire (using a ten-point scale) about their "most memorable" patient death. Independent reviewers coded each interview to identify the analytical categories. Descriptive data were generated from the written questionnaire. Results A total of 32 interviews were used in the analysis. Twelve (38%) students were in contact with the patient for less than 24 hours and 23 (73%) were not at all or minimally close to the patient (0-3 on ten-point scale). Sixteen of 28 students (57%) rated the impact of the death as highly emotionally powerful (7-10 on ten-point scale). The finality of deaths, particularly sudden deaths, evoked strong emotions. Four of 16 (25%) students who found the death highly emotionally powerful rated the amount of support from supervisors as extremely inadequate (0-3 on ten-point scale). There was no discussion of the death in 17 (63%) of the 27 cases in which the patient was cared for by the student's team. Students perceived from supervising physicians that death and emotions are negative aspects of medicine. Conclusions Medical students experienced patient deaths as emotionally powerful even when they were not close to the patients. Debriefing sessions with students were rare, and many students felt inadequately supported. Thus, a unique opportunity to teach about death, emotions and coping with stress is often lost.
145 citations
TL;DR: Population-specific HIV vaccine trial recruitment and implementation strategies should address trial risks from a family perspective, cultural gender norms, mistrust, low perceived HIV risk, the importance of African-American and Latino/a community participation in HIV vaccine trials, and misconceptions about gaining protection against HIV infection.
Abstract: Background Underrepresentation of ethnic minority communities limits the generalizability of HIV vaccine trial results. We explored perceived barriers and motivators regarding HIV vaccine trial participation among low-socioeconomic ethnic minority respondents at risk for HIV. Methods Six focus group interviews were conducted using a semistructured interview guide. Participants (N = 58, mean age = 36 years, 37% female, and 56% Latino/a and 35% African American) were recruited using venue-based sampling in Los Angeles. Data were analyzed using narrative thematic analysis and Ethnograph qualitative software. Results Perceived barriers to HIV vaccine trial participation, in rank order, were (1) vaccine-induced HIV infection, (2) physical side effects, (3) uncertainty about vaccine efficacy, (4) uncertainty about other vaccine characteristics, (5) mistrust, (6) low perceived HIV risk, (7) study demands, (8) stigma, and (9) vaccine-induced HIV seropositivity. Motivators were (1) protection against HIV infection, (2) free insurance and/or medical care, (3) altruism, and (4) monetary incentives. Conclusions Population-specific HIV vaccine trial recruitment and implementation strategies should address trial risks from a family perspective, cultural gender norms, mistrust, low perceived HIV risk, the importance of African-American and Latino/a community participation in HIV vaccine trials, and misconceptions about gaining protection against HIV infection. Increasing the cultural relevance of trial recruitment and implementation should facilitate the participation of Latinos/as and African Americans in HIV vaccine trials.
145 citations
Additional excerpts
...Single 100% (12) 57% (4) 25% (3) 80% (8) 75% (6) 100% (8) 72% (41)...
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TL;DR: New diabetes mellitus guidelines from the American Geriatrics Society promote the individualization of treatment goals and plans for patients aged 65 and older, and the self‐reported healthcare goals, factors influencing these goals, and self‐care practices of older patients with diabetes Mellitus were explored.
Abstract: Enabling patients to manage their own chronic illnesses is well recognized as a vital component of successful chronic disease management1 Multiple studies of self-management interventions across an array of chronic conditions have shown that increasing patient involvement in daily care responsibilities can improve health behaviors, health status, and healthcare utilization2,3 A key element in this process is effective patient-provider communication1
For providers, communicating with patients about a uniform prevention or treatment goal already represents a significant challenge Such communication presents an even greater challenge when caring for older patients (≥65), for whom the goals of chronic disease management may differ from individual to individual In the setting of diabetes mellitus care, it is unclear whether it is appropriate to apply general population standards of care to all older patients because few clinical trial data are directly applicable to the care of elderly, frail patients4–6 and because the population is clinically and functionally heterogeneous7–9 To address these issues, the California Healthcare Foundation/American Geriatrics Society Panel on Improving Care for Elders with Diabetes has recommended that diabetes mellitus treatment goals be individualized for older patients10–12 In such guidelines, the goals of preventing microvascular and cardiovascular complications are distinct for frail and non-frail patients, and the importance of common geriatric syndromes related to diabetes mellitus, such as polypharmacy, depression, and cognitive impairment,13 is greater for frail patients An underlying assumption of these recommendations is that providers will make such care decisions in collaboration with patients, but little is known about how such complex discussions with patients occur in real practice
Exploring the healthcare goals of patients is a logical first step in developing an approach to effectively communicating with older patients with diabetes mellitus about individualization of their care Identifying the goals of patients enables providers to reframe benefits of treatments from patients’ perspectives14–16 Studies of patient-provider communication in diabetes mellitus care have evaluated the effect of enhanced patient-provider communications17,18 and the differences in perceptions and language of patients and providers regarding components of diabetes mellitus care19–21 Although these studies have illustrated the general value of understanding patients’ perspectives, they have rarely examined patients’ self-expression of healthcare goals Other qualitative studies regarding the general healthcare goals of older patients have found that older patients define health in ways that integrate physical, mental, spiritual, and social aspects of their lives22,23 The present study has been designed to specifically examine how older patients define their healthcare goals, what factors shape their goals, and the extent to which their goals relate to self-care behavior
144 citations
Cites background or methods from "Basics of qualitative research: Gro..."
...This methodology, specifically the grounded theory approach, was used because we desired to look in depth at older patients’ perceptions and the language in which they articulated these thoughts.(24) The basic tenet of grounded theory is that no a priori theory is used in the analysis; rather, the data give rise to themes salient to respondents that subsequently form the basis for analysis....
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...The basic tenet of grounded theory is that no a priori theory is used in the analysis; rather, the data give rise to themes salient to respondents that subsequently form the basis for analysis.(24)...
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TL;DR: This paper investigated the role of families in the lives of successful Black college students and found that eight connections between students and families can be conceptualized in three stages, and suggested a model of eight connections among students and their families.
Abstract: There is a wealth of research on Black college students and a second body of literature on Black families, but studies on the relationship between Black college students and their families are very limited. This project investigated the role of families in the lives of successful Black college students. The results suggest a model of eight connections between students and families that can be conceptualized in three stages.
144 citations
Cites background from "Basics of qualitative research: Gro..."
...Axial coding involves the process of sorting themes into groupings and categories when analyzing the meanings and interrelationships between categories (Strauss & Corbin, 1990)....
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TL;DR: In this paper, it is argued that the extent to which tourism is adopted or rejected by actors within rural places is determined by the unique configurations of historically layered and newer social relations which intersect within and between such places.
Abstract: Rural areas in many peripheral areas of Europe have turned to tourism as an alternative development strategy in the face of changes to the agricultural food production system. Particularly in more remote and less agriculturally viable areas, national and European-level policies have often concentrated on trying to encourage ‘bottom-up’ development revolving around the commodification of local cultural resources or ‘knowledges’. The extent to which this occurs, however, varies between places. The aim in this article is to use case-study evidence from two peripheral rural locations in Europe to explore why these variations occur. It is argued that the extent to which tourism is adopted or rejected by actors within rural places is determined by the unique configurations of historically layered and newer social relations which intersect within and between such places. These configurations shape the contested ways in which local knowledges are valorized and contribute to the existence of multiple senses of pla...
144 citations
Cites methods from "Basics of qualitative research: Gro..."
...The research was ‘grounded’ as described by Strauss (1987; see also Strauss and Corbin, 1990) in that methods and analysis were not guided by strict rules but were adapted to the diversity of social settings and unexpected contingencies of research....
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References
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TL;DR: (PDF) Thematic Analysis in Qualitative research | Anindita (PDF) Qualitative Research ProcessBasics of QualitativeResearch | SAGE Publications IncQualitative Research Method Summary JMEST
Abstract: (PDF) Thematic Analysis in Qualitative Research | Anindita (PDF) Qualitative Research ProcessBasics of Qualitative Research | SAGE Publications IncQualitative Research Method Summary JMESTMarket Research: Quantitative vs. Qualitative Research Research Design: Definition, Characteristics and Types Research Methodologies: Quantitative, Qualitative & Mixed Trustworthiness | Educational Research Basics by Del SiegleUser Research Basics | Usability.govQualitative Research – Research Methods in Psychology 10.2 Sampling in qualitative research – Scientific Inquiry What are the Different Types of Research Techniques?What is dependability in qualitative research and how do Qualitative Research Part II: Participants, Analysis, and Qualitative Research Paradigm | Educational Research Qualitative research Wikipedia12+ Qualitative Research Examples in PDF | DOC | Examples(PDF) A Brief Introduction to Qualitative ResearchSampling in Qualitative ResearchMarket research methods | Business QueenslandSampling Techniques and Procedures Designing Surveys for [PDF] Basics of Qualitative Research (3rd ed.): Techniques Basics of qualitative research: Grounded theory procedures 6 Types of Qualitative Research Methods: A Quick GuideSuccessful Qualitative Research | SAGE Publications LtdEvaluation of qualitative research studies | Evidence Qualitative vs. Quantitative Research Methodology & Design
16,622 citations
TL;DR: The use of reliability and validity are common in quantitative research and now it is reconsidered in the qualitative research paradigm as discussed by the authors, which can also illuminate some ways to test or maximize the validity and reliability of a qualitative study.
Abstract: The use of reliability and validity are common in quantitative research and now it is reconsidered in the qualitative research paradigm. Since reliability and validity are rooted in positivist perspective then they should be redefined for their use in a naturalistic approach. Like reliability and validity as used in quantitative research are providing springboard to examine what these two terms mean in the qualitative research paradigm, triangulation as used in quantitative research to test the reliability and validity can also illuminate some ways to test or maximize the validity and reliability of a qualitative study. Therefore, reliability, validity and triangulation, if they are relevant research concepts, particularly from a qualitative point of view, have to be redefined in order to reflect the multiple ways of establishing truth. Key words: Reliability, Validity, Triangulation, Construct, Qualitative, and Quantitative This article discusses the use of reliability and validity in the qualitative research paradigm. First, the meanings of quantitative and qualitative research are discussed. Secondly, reliability and validity as used in quantitative research are discussed as a way of providing a springboard to examining what these two terms mean and how they can be tested in the qualitative research paradigm. This paper concludes by drawing upon the use of triangulation in the two paradigms (quantitative and qualitative) to show how the changes have influenced our understanding of reliability, validity and triangulation in qualitative studies.
6,438 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors describe a variety of techniques for theme discovery in qualitative research, ranging from quick word counts to laborious, in-depth, line-by-line scrutiny.
Abstract: Theme identification is one of the most fundamental tasks in qualitative research. It also is one of the most mysterious. Explicit descriptions of theme discovery are rarely found in articles and reports, and when they are, they are often relegated to appendices or footnotes. Techniques are shared among small groups of social scientists, but sharing is impeded by disciplinary or epistemological boundaries. The techniques described here are drawn from across epistemological and disciplinary boundaries. They include both observational and manipulative techniques and range from quick word counts to laborious, in-depth, line-by-line scrutiny. Techniques are compared on six dimensions: (1) appropriateness for data types, (2) required labor, (3) required expertise, (4) stage of analysis, (5) number and types of themes to be generated, and (6) issues of reliability and validity.
4,921 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the use of case study research in operations management for theory development and testing is reviewed and guidelines and a roadmap for operations management researchers wishing to design, develop and conduct case-based research are provided.
Abstract: This paper reviews the use of case study research in operations management for theory development and testing. It draws on the literature on case research in a number of disciplines and uses examples drawn from operations management research. It provides guidelines and a roadmap for operations management researchers wishing to design, develop and conduct case‐based research.
4,127 citations
01 Jan 2000
TL;DR: In fact, most of the archaeologically recoverable information about human thought and human behavior is text, the good stuff of social science as mentioned in this paper, which is what we use in this paper.
Abstract: This chapter is about methods for managing and analyzing qualitative data. By qualitative data the authors mean text: newspapers, movies, sitcoms, e-mail traffic, folktales, life histories. They also mean narratives--narratives about getting divorced, about being sick, about surviving hand-to-hand combat, about selling sex, about trying to quit smoking. In fact, most of the archaeologically recoverable information about human thought and human behavior is text, the good stuff of social science.
3,671 citations