Basics of qualitative research: Grounded theory procedures and techniques
TL;DR: Reading a book as this basics of qualitative research grounded theory procedures and techniques and other references can enrich your life quality.
About: This article is published in Journal of Pediatric Nursing.The article was published on 1994-06-01 and is currently open access. It has received 13415 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Grounded theory & Qualitative research.
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TL;DR: Improvements targeted at the abilities of individuals, better doctor-patient and doctor-doctor relationships, and systems for transferring information between care settings will increase the appropriate use of medicines in elderly people.
Abstract: OBJECTIVES: To explore the processes leading to inappropriate use of medicines for elderly patients admitted for acute care. DESIGN: Qualitative study with semistructured interviews with doctors, nurses, and pharmacists; focus groups with inpatients; and observation on the ward by clinical pharmacists for one month. SETTING: Five acute wards for care of the elderly in Belgium. PARTICIPANTS: 5 doctors, 4 nurses, and 3 pharmacists from five acute wards for the interviews; all professionals and patients on two acute wards for the observation and 17 patients (from the same two wards) for the focus groups. RESULTS: Several factors contributed to inappropriate prescribing, counselling, and transfer of information on medicines to primary care. Firstly, review of treatment was driven by acute considerations, the transfer of information on medicines from primary to secondary care was limited, and prescribing was often not tailored to elderly patients. Secondly, some doctors had a passive attitude towards learning: they thought it would take too long to find the information they needed about medicines and lacked self directed learning. Finally, a paternalistic doctor-patient relationship and difficulties in sharing decisions about treatment between prescribers led to inappropriate use of medicines. Several factors, such as the input of geriatricians and good communication between members of the multidisciplinary geriatric team, led to better use of medicines. CONCLUSIONS: In this setting, improvements targeted at the abilities of individuals, better doctor-patient and doctor-doctor relationships, and systems for transferring information between care settings will increase the appropriate use of medicines in elderly people.
129 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the development of successors in the small family business, including their approach to the leadership of the firm, was examined. But the authors focused on the development process of the successors and did not consider the role of the management of the business.
Abstract: The purpose of this exploratory study was to better understand the development of successors in the small family business, including their approach to the leadership of the firm. It examined variab...
128 citations
Cites methods from "Basics of qualitative research: Gro..."
...For the third step of our qualitative analysis, called selective coding by Strauss and Corbin (1998), we began to develop themes in the data across the six cases....
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...Although we characterize our research as case study analysis, our analytic techniques follow the processes outlined by Strauss and Corbin (1998) as grounded theory analysis....
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...In the second step of the process, called axial coding by Strauss and Corbin (1998), we placed the 397 slips of paper containing the recurring expressions or thoughts in 77 folders....
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...This is Level 4 analysis, according to Strauss and Corbin (1998)—namely, that of testing the themes....
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...In this first step of the process, called open coding by Strauss and Corbin (1998), we began with the 438 pages of transcripts, and through a comparison process, we identified 397 incidences of significant recurring expressions or thoughts....
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TL;DR: This qualitative study assessed the feasibility and comparability of findings from face-to-face versus on-line chat focus groups including 12 individuals affected by colon cancer, finding that the themes that emerged from the two types of groups were similar.
Abstract: This qualitative study assessed the feasibility and comparability of findings from face-to-face versus on-line chat focus groups including 12 individuals affected by colon cancer. Discussion questions focused on issues of lifestyle (nutrition and exercise), cancer screening, and treatment. Despite demographic differences, the themes that emerged from the two types of groups were similar. On-line participants generally talked more about cancer treatment and advocacy issues and used support groups more frequently. The anonymity of on-line chat groups appeared to provide a more comfortable forum for some people to discuss sensitive personal health issues. As both methods provided similar results, researchers may wish to consider circumstances in which using chat-based focus groups may provide a feasible alternative to traditional face-to-face groups.
128 citations
TL;DR: Grounded theory (GT) is a research method concerned with the generation of theory which is ‘grounded’ in data that has been systematically collected and analysed and used to uncover such things as social relationships and behaviours of groups, known as social processes.
Abstract: Grounded theory (GT) is a research method concerned with the generation of theory,1 which is ‘grounded’ in data that has been systematically collected and analysed.2 It is used to uncover such things as social relationships and behaviours of groups, known as social processes.3 It was developed in California, USA by Glaser and Strauss during their study—‘Awareness of Dying’.1 It is a general methodology for developing theory that is grounded in data which is systematically gathered and analysed.
First the area of interest is identified. Theoretical preconceptions should be avoided, although it is accepted this is difficult in practice. Analytical procedures and sampling strategies are then used and the study is finished when theoretical sampling reached5 all discussed below. Data collected may be qualitative or quantitative or a combination of both. Data collection methods often include in-depth interviews using open-ended questions. Questions can be adjusted as theory emerges. Observational methods and focus groups may also be used.
Glaser and Strauss (1967) first mentioned theoretical sampling and described a process of generating theory from data which includes collecting the data, then coding …
128 citations
Cites background from "Basics of qualitative research: Gro..."
...Sensitivity comes from several sources including (1) literature—in depth reading offers a rich understanding of the phenomena being studied; (2) professional and personal experience—offers an understanding of the events and topics being explored; (3) the analytic process—allows for insight and understanding of the phenomena.(8)...
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TL;DR: In this article, a qualitative investigation was conducted with a culturally diverse group of 20 family members who were involved in a process of family-centered positive behavior support, which revealed three major themes that included the difficult process of coming to terms with the child's disability, the importance of having support from people who demonstrate genuine caring, and the pervasive impact that problem behavior exerts on all aspects of family functioning.
Abstract: This qualitative investigation was conducted with a culturally diverse group of 20 family members who were involved in a process of family-centered positive behavior support. Data were obtained from open-ended interviews in which participants discussed issues related to their child's problem behavior and the ways that problem behaviors related to families' lifestyles. The interview data revealed three major themes that included (a) the difficult process of coming to terms with the child's disability, (b) the importance of having support from people who demonstrate genuine caring, and (c) the pervasive impact that problem behavior exerts on all aspects of family functioning. The data are discussed in terms of the value of gaining greater insight into the perspectives of families, and the implications for the development of family-centered behavioral support.
128 citations
Cites methods from "Basics of qualitative research: Gro..."
...…through open coding in the 15 interviews of the first parent group, and axial coding was used across the remaining 21 interviews to organize and merge categories into subcategories creating coherent connections through dimensions of “context,” “condition,” and “strategies” (Strauss & Corbin, 1990)....
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TL;DR: (PDF) Thematic Analysis in Qualitative research | Anindita (PDF) Qualitative Research ProcessBasics of QualitativeResearch | SAGE Publications IncQualitative Research Method Summary JMEST
Abstract: (PDF) Thematic Analysis in Qualitative Research | Anindita (PDF) Qualitative Research ProcessBasics of Qualitative Research | SAGE Publications IncQualitative Research Method Summary JMESTMarket Research: Quantitative vs. Qualitative Research Research Design: Definition, Characteristics and Types Research Methodologies: Quantitative, Qualitative & Mixed Trustworthiness | Educational Research Basics by Del SiegleUser Research Basics | Usability.govQualitative Research – Research Methods in Psychology 10.2 Sampling in qualitative research – Scientific Inquiry What are the Different Types of Research Techniques?What is dependability in qualitative research and how do Qualitative Research Part II: Participants, Analysis, and Qualitative Research Paradigm | Educational Research Qualitative research Wikipedia12+ Qualitative Research Examples in PDF | DOC | Examples(PDF) A Brief Introduction to Qualitative ResearchSampling in Qualitative ResearchMarket research methods | Business QueenslandSampling Techniques and Procedures Designing Surveys for [PDF] Basics of Qualitative Research (3rd ed.): Techniques Basics of qualitative research: Grounded theory procedures 6 Types of Qualitative Research Methods: A Quick GuideSuccessful Qualitative Research | SAGE Publications LtdEvaluation of qualitative research studies | Evidence Qualitative vs. Quantitative Research Methodology & Design
16,622 citations
TL;DR: The use of reliability and validity are common in quantitative research and now it is reconsidered in the qualitative research paradigm as discussed by the authors, which can also illuminate some ways to test or maximize the validity and reliability of a qualitative study.
Abstract: The use of reliability and validity are common in quantitative research and now it is reconsidered in the qualitative research paradigm. Since reliability and validity are rooted in positivist perspective then they should be redefined for their use in a naturalistic approach. Like reliability and validity as used in quantitative research are providing springboard to examine what these two terms mean in the qualitative research paradigm, triangulation as used in quantitative research to test the reliability and validity can also illuminate some ways to test or maximize the validity and reliability of a qualitative study. Therefore, reliability, validity and triangulation, if they are relevant research concepts, particularly from a qualitative point of view, have to be redefined in order to reflect the multiple ways of establishing truth. Key words: Reliability, Validity, Triangulation, Construct, Qualitative, and Quantitative This article discusses the use of reliability and validity in the qualitative research paradigm. First, the meanings of quantitative and qualitative research are discussed. Secondly, reliability and validity as used in quantitative research are discussed as a way of providing a springboard to examining what these two terms mean and how they can be tested in the qualitative research paradigm. This paper concludes by drawing upon the use of triangulation in the two paradigms (quantitative and qualitative) to show how the changes have influenced our understanding of reliability, validity and triangulation in qualitative studies.
6,438 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors describe a variety of techniques for theme discovery in qualitative research, ranging from quick word counts to laborious, in-depth, line-by-line scrutiny.
Abstract: Theme identification is one of the most fundamental tasks in qualitative research. It also is one of the most mysterious. Explicit descriptions of theme discovery are rarely found in articles and reports, and when they are, they are often relegated to appendices or footnotes. Techniques are shared among small groups of social scientists, but sharing is impeded by disciplinary or epistemological boundaries. The techniques described here are drawn from across epistemological and disciplinary boundaries. They include both observational and manipulative techniques and range from quick word counts to laborious, in-depth, line-by-line scrutiny. Techniques are compared on six dimensions: (1) appropriateness for data types, (2) required labor, (3) required expertise, (4) stage of analysis, (5) number and types of themes to be generated, and (6) issues of reliability and validity.
4,921 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the use of case study research in operations management for theory development and testing is reviewed and guidelines and a roadmap for operations management researchers wishing to design, develop and conduct case-based research are provided.
Abstract: This paper reviews the use of case study research in operations management for theory development and testing. It draws on the literature on case research in a number of disciplines and uses examples drawn from operations management research. It provides guidelines and a roadmap for operations management researchers wishing to design, develop and conduct case‐based research.
4,127 citations
01 Jan 2000
TL;DR: In fact, most of the archaeologically recoverable information about human thought and human behavior is text, the good stuff of social science as mentioned in this paper, which is what we use in this paper.
Abstract: This chapter is about methods for managing and analyzing qualitative data. By qualitative data the authors mean text: newspapers, movies, sitcoms, e-mail traffic, folktales, life histories. They also mean narratives--narratives about getting divorced, about being sick, about surviving hand-to-hand combat, about selling sex, about trying to quit smoking. In fact, most of the archaeologically recoverable information about human thought and human behavior is text, the good stuff of social science.
3,671 citations