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Journal ArticleDOI

Basics of qualitative research: Grounded theory procedures and techniques

01 Jun 1994-Journal of Pediatric Nursing (Elsevier)-Vol. 9, Iss: 3, pp 205-206
TL;DR: Reading a book as this basics of qualitative research grounded theory procedures and techniques and other references can enrich your life quality.
About: This article is published in Journal of Pediatric Nursing.The article was published on 1994-06-01 and is currently open access. It has received 13415 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Grounded theory & Qualitative research.
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors find that the service quality construct conforms to the structure of a third-order factor model that ties service quality perceptions to distinct and actionable dimensions: outcome, interaction, and environmental quality.
Abstract: Through qualitative and empirical research, the authors find that the service quality construct conforms to the structure of a third-order factor model that ties service quality perceptions to distinct and actionable dimensions: outcome, interaction, and environmental quality. In turn, each has three subdimensions that define the basis of service quality perceptions. The authors further suggest that for each of these subdimensions to contribute to improved service quality perceptions, the quality received by consumers must be perceived to be reliable, responsive, and empathetic. The authors test and support this conceptualization across four service industries. They consider the research and managerial implications of the study and its limitations.

3,309 citations


Cites methods from "Basics of qualitative research: Gro..."

  • ...To code the data, we used an inductive categorization method that involves labeling recurring factors found in a passage of text (Spiggle 1994; Strauss and Corbin 1990)....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, critical race theory can inform a critical race methodology in education and the authors challenge the intercentricity of racism with other forms of subordination and expose deficit-informed research that silences and distorts epistemologies of people of color.
Abstract: This article addresses how critical race theory can inform a critical race methodology in education. The authors challenge the intercentricity of racism with other forms of subordination and exposes deficit-informed research that silences and distorts epistemologies of people of color. Although social scientists tell stories under the guise of “objective” research, these stories actually uphold deficit, racialized notions about people of color. For the authors, a critical race methodology provides a tool to “counter” deficit storytelling. Specifically, a critical race methodology offers space to conduct and present research grounded in the experiences and knowledge of people of color. As they describe how they compose counter-stories, the authors discuss how the stories can be used as theoretical, methodological, and pedagogical tools to challenge racism, sexism, and classism and work toward social justice.

3,102 citations


Cites background or methods from "Basics of qualitative research: Gro..."

  • ...To accomplish this task, we borrow from the works of Strauss and Corbin (1990) and Dolores Delgado Bernal (1998)....

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  • ...Strauss and Corbin (1990) use a concept called theoretical sensitivity and refer to it as a personal quality of the researcher....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the trustworthiness or credibility of qualitative research is examined, and a discussion of more transcendent standards for conducting quality research: social validity, subjectivity and reflexivity, adequacy of data, and adequacy for interpretation.
Abstract: This article examines concepts of the trustworthiness, or credibility, of qualitative research. Following a “researcher-as-instrument,” or self-reflective, statement, the paradigmatic underpinnings of various criteria for judging the quality of qualitative research are explored, setting the stage for a discussion of more transcendent standards (those not associated with specific paradigms) for conducting quality research: social validity, subjectivity and reflexivity, adequacy of data, and adequacy of interpretation. Finally, current guidelines for writing and publishing qualitative research are reviewed, and strategies for conducting and writing qualitative research reports are suggested. Qualitative research, ensuing from a variety of disciplines, paradigms, and epistemologies, embraces multiple standards of quality, known variously as validity, credibility, rigor ,o rtrustworthiness. In addition to some standards that may be thought of as somewhat universal across disciplines and paradigms, the “goodness” (Morrow & Smith, 2000) of qualitative inquiry is assessed on the basis of the paradigmatic underpinnings of the research and the standards of the discipline. Thus, a grounded theory study or a consensual qualitative research investigation in counseling psychology that is rooted in a postpositivist or constructivist/interpretivist paradigm will look quite different from a critical ethnography in education; and the standards appropriate for evaluating these studies will vary accordingly. I begin this article by addressing the paradigmatic underpinnings of trustworthiness or rigor in qualitative research. Next, I discuss central topics related to trustworthiness or validity that span paradigms and may be thought of as relevant across most research designs. I then provide an overview of guidelines that have been suggested for evaluating qualitative research, particularly in psychology. Finally, I offer recommendations for enhancing the quality of qualitative research in counseling psychology and suggest strategies for writing and publishing. First, however, in keeping with the standard of reflexivity as a way for researchers to inform their audiences about their perspectives as well as to manage their subjectivities, I describe my own assumptions about qualitative research methodology and quality.

3,100 citations


Cites methods from "Basics of qualitative research: Gro..."

  • ...Analytic memos (Strauss & Corbin, 1990) are an indispensable tool to enhance the analytic process....

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  • ...Analytic memos (Strauss & Corbin, 1990) are an indispensable tool to enhance the analytic process....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Saturation is mentioned in many qualitative research reports without any explanation of what it means and how it occurred as mentioned in this paper and the main argument advanced in this research note is that claims of saturation should be supported by an explanation of how saturation was achieved and substantiated by clear evidence of its occurrence.
Abstract: Saturation is mentioned in many qualitative research reports without any explanation of what it means and how it occurred. Recognizing the saturation point presents a challenge to qualitative researchers, especially in the absence of explicit guidelines for determining data or theoretical saturation. This research note examines the saturation concept in naturalistic inquiry and the challenges it presents. In particular, it summarizes the saturation process in a grounded theory study of community-based antipoverty projects. The main argument advanced in this research note is that claims of saturation should be supported by an explanation of how saturation was achieved and substantiated by clear evidence of its occurrence.

2,458 citations


Cites background or methods from "Basics of qualitative research: Gro..."

  • ...T H E O R E T I CA L S A M P L I N G Theoretical saturation is a consequence of theoretical sampling – that is, ‘sampling on the basis of concepts that have proven theoretical relevance to the evolving theory’ (Strauss and Corbin, 1990: 176)....

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  • ...Theoretical saturation, in effect, is the point at which no new insights are obtained, no new themes are identified, and no issues arise regarding a category of data (Strauss and Corbin, 1990)....

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  • ...I performed coding at three levels – open, axial, and selective (Strauss and Corbin, 1990)....

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  • ...The final level of coding was selective coding – ‘the process of selecting the central or core category, systematically relating it to other categories, validating those relationships, and filling in categories that need further refinement and development’ (Strauss and Corbin, 1990: 116)....

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  • ...Strauss and Corbin (1990) claim that grounded theory research can provide a better understanding of a phenomenon about which little is known, and, similarly, Stern (1995) asserts that the methodology is appropriate for investigations of an uncharted area or to gain a fresh perspective on a familiar…...

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors provided a detailed discussion about five qualitative approaches (i.e., narrative research, case study research, grounded theory, phenomenology, and participatory action research) as alternative qualitative procedures useful in understanding test interpretation.
Abstract: Counseling psychologists face many approaches from which to choose when they conduct a qualitative research study. This article focuses on the processes of selecting, contrasting, and implementing five different qualitative approaches. Based on an extended example related to test interpretation by counselors, clients, and communities, this article provides a detailed discussion about five qualitative approaches— narrative research; case study research; grounded theory; phenomenology; and participatory action research—as alternative qualitative procedures useful in understanding test interpretation. For each approach, the authors offer perspectives about historical origins, definition, variants, and the procedures of research.

2,409 citations


Cites background or methods from "Basics of qualitative research: Gro..."

  • ...Later, they elaborated on their ideas in books (Glaser, 1978; Glaser & Strauss, 1967; Strauss, 1987; Strauss & Corbin, 1990, 1998)....

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  • ...We might also form a narrative that discusses the linkages of the categories in the process (Strauss & Corbin, 1990), or we might advance hypotheses or propositions (Creswell & Brown, 1992) that specify the relationships....

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  • ...In the more systematic, analytic procedures of Strauss and Corbin (1990, 1998), the investigator focuses on a process, action, or interaction (e.g., the process of sharing therapeutic benefits of psychological test results with clients)....

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  • ...…approach has many attractive elements that now constitute good qualitative research (e.g., reflexivity, being flexible in structure), we will rely on Strauss and Corbin (1990, 1998) for our illustration of grounded-theory procedures because their systematic procedures seem to best fit the rigorous…...

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  • ...In this section, we mention two approaches to grounded theory: the more systematic procedures of Strauss and Corbin (1990, 1998) and the constructivist position of Charmaz (2005, 2006)....

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References
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Journal Article
TL;DR: (PDF) Thematic Analysis in Qualitative research | Anindita (PDF) Qualitative Research ProcessBasics of QualitativeResearch | SAGE Publications IncQualitative Research Method Summary JMEST
Abstract: (PDF) Thematic Analysis in Qualitative Research | Anindita (PDF) Qualitative Research ProcessBasics of Qualitative Research | SAGE Publications IncQualitative Research Method Summary JMESTMarket Research: Quantitative vs. Qualitative Research Research Design: Definition, Characteristics and Types Research Methodologies: Quantitative, Qualitative & Mixed Trustworthiness | Educational Research Basics by Del SiegleUser Research Basics | Usability.govQualitative Research – Research Methods in Psychology 10.2 Sampling in qualitative research – Scientific Inquiry What are the Different Types of Research Techniques?What is dependability in qualitative research and how do Qualitative Research Part II: Participants, Analysis, and Qualitative Research Paradigm | Educational Research Qualitative research Wikipedia12+ Qualitative Research Examples in PDF | DOC | Examples(PDF) A Brief Introduction to Qualitative ResearchSampling in Qualitative ResearchMarket research methods | Business QueenslandSampling Techniques and Procedures Designing Surveys for [PDF] Basics of Qualitative Research (3rd ed.): Techniques Basics of qualitative research: Grounded theory procedures 6 Types of Qualitative Research Methods: A Quick GuideSuccessful Qualitative Research | SAGE Publications LtdEvaluation of qualitative research studies | Evidence Qualitative vs. Quantitative Research Methodology & Design

16,622 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The use of reliability and validity are common in quantitative research and now it is reconsidered in the qualitative research paradigm as discussed by the authors, which can also illuminate some ways to test or maximize the validity and reliability of a qualitative study.
Abstract: The use of reliability and validity are common in quantitative research and now it is reconsidered in the qualitative research paradigm. Since reliability and validity are rooted in positivist perspective then they should be redefined for their use in a naturalistic approach. Like reliability and validity as used in quantitative research are providing springboard to examine what these two terms mean in the qualitative research paradigm, triangulation as used in quantitative research to test the reliability and validity can also illuminate some ways to test or maximize the validity and reliability of a qualitative study. Therefore, reliability, validity and triangulation, if they are relevant research concepts, particularly from a qualitative point of view, have to be redefined in order to reflect the multiple ways of establishing truth. Key words: Reliability, Validity, Triangulation, Construct, Qualitative, and Quantitative This article discusses the use of reliability and validity in the qualitative research paradigm. First, the meanings of quantitative and qualitative research are discussed. Secondly, reliability and validity as used in quantitative research are discussed as a way of providing a springboard to examining what these two terms mean and how they can be tested in the qualitative research paradigm. This paper concludes by drawing upon the use of triangulation in the two paradigms (quantitative and qualitative) to show how the changes have influenced our understanding of reliability, validity and triangulation in qualitative studies.

6,438 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors describe a variety of techniques for theme discovery in qualitative research, ranging from quick word counts to laborious, in-depth, line-by-line scrutiny.
Abstract: Theme identification is one of the most fundamental tasks in qualitative research. It also is one of the most mysterious. Explicit descriptions of theme discovery are rarely found in articles and reports, and when they are, they are often relegated to appendices or footnotes. Techniques are shared among small groups of social scientists, but sharing is impeded by disciplinary or epistemological boundaries. The techniques described here are drawn from across epistemological and disciplinary boundaries. They include both observational and manipulative techniques and range from quick word counts to laborious, in-depth, line-by-line scrutiny. Techniques are compared on six dimensions: (1) appropriateness for data types, (2) required labor, (3) required expertise, (4) stage of analysis, (5) number and types of themes to be generated, and (6) issues of reliability and validity.

4,921 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the use of case study research in operations management for theory development and testing is reviewed and guidelines and a roadmap for operations management researchers wishing to design, develop and conduct case-based research are provided.
Abstract: This paper reviews the use of case study research in operations management for theory development and testing. It draws on the literature on case research in a number of disciplines and uses examples drawn from operations management research. It provides guidelines and a roadmap for operations management researchers wishing to design, develop and conduct case‐based research.

4,127 citations

01 Jan 2000
TL;DR: In fact, most of the archaeologically recoverable information about human thought and human behavior is text, the good stuff of social science as mentioned in this paper, which is what we use in this paper.
Abstract: This chapter is about methods for managing and analyzing qualitative data. By qualitative data the authors mean text: newspapers, movies, sitcoms, e-mail traffic, folktales, life histories. They also mean narratives--narratives about getting divorced, about being sick, about surviving hand-to-hand combat, about selling sex, about trying to quit smoking. In fact, most of the archaeologically recoverable information about human thought and human behavior is text, the good stuff of social science.

3,671 citations