Basics of qualitative research: Grounded theory procedures and techniques
TL;DR: Reading a book as this basics of qualitative research grounded theory procedures and techniques and other references can enrich your life quality.
About: This article is published in Journal of Pediatric Nursing.The article was published on 1994-06-01 and is currently open access. It has received 13415 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Grounded theory & Qualitative research.
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TL;DR: (PDF) Thematic Analysis in Qualitative research | Anindita (PDF) Qualitative Research ProcessBasics of QualitativeResearch | SAGE Publications IncQualitative Research Method Summary JMEST
Abstract: (PDF) Thematic Analysis in Qualitative Research | Anindita (PDF) Qualitative Research ProcessBasics of Qualitative Research | SAGE Publications IncQualitative Research Method Summary JMESTMarket Research: Quantitative vs. Qualitative Research Research Design: Definition, Characteristics and Types Research Methodologies: Quantitative, Qualitative & Mixed Trustworthiness | Educational Research Basics by Del SiegleUser Research Basics | Usability.govQualitative Research – Research Methods in Psychology 10.2 Sampling in qualitative research – Scientific Inquiry What are the Different Types of Research Techniques?What is dependability in qualitative research and how do Qualitative Research Part II: Participants, Analysis, and Qualitative Research Paradigm | Educational Research Qualitative research Wikipedia12+ Qualitative Research Examples in PDF | DOC | Examples(PDF) A Brief Introduction to Qualitative ResearchSampling in Qualitative ResearchMarket research methods | Business QueenslandSampling Techniques and Procedures Designing Surveys for [PDF] Basics of Qualitative Research (3rd ed.): Techniques Basics of qualitative research: Grounded theory procedures 6 Types of Qualitative Research Methods: A Quick GuideSuccessful Qualitative Research | SAGE Publications LtdEvaluation of qualitative research studies | Evidence Qualitative vs. Quantitative Research Methodology & Design
16,622 citations
TL;DR: The use of reliability and validity are common in quantitative research and now it is reconsidered in the qualitative research paradigm as discussed by the authors, which can also illuminate some ways to test or maximize the validity and reliability of a qualitative study.
Abstract: The use of reliability and validity are common in quantitative research and now it is reconsidered in the qualitative research paradigm. Since reliability and validity are rooted in positivist perspective then they should be redefined for their use in a naturalistic approach. Like reliability and validity as used in quantitative research are providing springboard to examine what these two terms mean in the qualitative research paradigm, triangulation as used in quantitative research to test the reliability and validity can also illuminate some ways to test or maximize the validity and reliability of a qualitative study. Therefore, reliability, validity and triangulation, if they are relevant research concepts, particularly from a qualitative point of view, have to be redefined in order to reflect the multiple ways of establishing truth. Key words: Reliability, Validity, Triangulation, Construct, Qualitative, and Quantitative This article discusses the use of reliability and validity in the qualitative research paradigm. First, the meanings of quantitative and qualitative research are discussed. Secondly, reliability and validity as used in quantitative research are discussed as a way of providing a springboard to examining what these two terms mean and how they can be tested in the qualitative research paradigm. This paper concludes by drawing upon the use of triangulation in the two paradigms (quantitative and qualitative) to show how the changes have influenced our understanding of reliability, validity and triangulation in qualitative studies.
6,438 citations
Cites background or methods from "Basics of qualitative research: Gro..."
...When judging (testing) qualitative work, Strauss and Corbin (1990) suggest that the "usual canons of ‘good science’…require redefinition in order to fit the realities of qualitative research" (p. 250)....
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...…defined, means "any kind of research that produces findings not arrived at by means of statistical procedures or other means of quantification" (Strauss and Corbin, 1990, p. 17) and instead, the kind of research that produces findings arrived from real-world settings where the "phenomenon of…...
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors describe a variety of techniques for theme discovery in qualitative research, ranging from quick word counts to laborious, in-depth, line-by-line scrutiny.
Abstract: Theme identification is one of the most fundamental tasks in qualitative research. It also is one of the most mysterious. Explicit descriptions of theme discovery are rarely found in articles and reports, and when they are, they are often relegated to appendices or footnotes. Techniques are shared among small groups of social scientists, but sharing is impeded by disciplinary or epistemological boundaries. The techniques described here are drawn from across epistemological and disciplinary boundaries. They include both observational and manipulative techniques and range from quick word counts to laborious, in-depth, line-by-line scrutiny. Techniques are compared on six dimensions: (1) appropriateness for data types, (2) required labor, (3) required expertise, (4) stage of analysis, (5) number and types of themes to be generated, and (6) issues of reliability and validity.
4,921 citations
Cites background from "Basics of qualitative research: Gro..."
...For identifying “important” themes and linking them to theoretical models, Strauss and Corbin (1990) , Dey (1993), and Miles and Huberman (1994) are quite helpful....
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...Typically, grounded theorists begin with a line-by-line analysis, asking, What is this sentence about? and How is it similar to or different from the preceding or following statements? This keeps the researcher focused on the data rather than on theoretical flights of fancy (Glaser 1978:56–72; Charmaz 1990, 2000; Strauss and Corbin 1990:84 –95)....
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...Patton (1990:306, 393–400) referred to these as “indigenous categories” and contrasted them with “analystconstructed typologies.” Grounded theorists refer to the process of identifying local terms as in vivo coding (Strauss 1987:28; Strauss and Corbin 1990:61 –74)....
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...Strauss and Corbin (1990) called them “concepts.”...
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TL;DR: In this paper, the use of case study research in operations management for theory development and testing is reviewed and guidelines and a roadmap for operations management researchers wishing to design, develop and conduct case-based research are provided.
Abstract: This paper reviews the use of case study research in operations management for theory development and testing. It draws on the literature on case research in a number of disciplines and uses examples drawn from operations management research. It provides guidelines and a roadmap for operations management researchers wishing to design, develop and conduct case‐based research.
4,127 citations
01 Jan 2000
TL;DR: In fact, most of the archaeologically recoverable information about human thought and human behavior is text, the good stuff of social science as mentioned in this paper, which is what we use in this paper.
Abstract: This chapter is about methods for managing and analyzing qualitative data. By qualitative data the authors mean text: newspapers, movies, sitcoms, e-mail traffic, folktales, life histories. They also mean narratives--narratives about getting divorced, about being sick, about surviving hand-to-hand combat, about selling sex, about trying to quit smoking. In fact, most of the archaeologically recoverable information about human thought and human behavior is text, the good stuff of social science.
3,671 citations
Cites background or methods from "Basics of qualitative research: Gro..."
...Strauss and Corbin (1990), Dey (1993), and Becker (1998) provide especially useful guidance....
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...Identifying the categories and terms used by informants themselves is called “in vivo coding” (Strauss & Corbin, 1990)....
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...Waitzkin and Britt (1993) did a thoroughgoing interpretive analysis of encounters between patients and doctors by selecting 50 texts at random from 336 audiotaped encounters....
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...In a process called “open coding,” the investigator identifies potential themes by pulling together real examples from the text (Agar, 1996; Bernard, 1994; Bogdan & Biklen, 1992; Lincoln & Guba, 1985; Lofland & Lofland, 1995; Strauss & Corbin, 1990; Taylor & Bogdan, 1984)....
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...(For other good descriptions of the comparison method, see Glaser, 1978, pp. 56-72; Strauss & Corbin, 1990, pp. 84-95.)...
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References
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TL;DR: For instance, the authors found that a substantial number of LGBT individuals remain committed to religious and spiritual life, which may be related to a motivation to make sense of one's place in the world especially in light of societal misunderstandings and intolerance to LGBT individuals.
Abstract: The present study employed a mixed method approach in the effort to explore religious and spiritual practices among lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) individuals, as well as the meanings ascribed to the terms religiosity and spirituality by LGBT adults. Data were collected via a cross-sectional survey consisting of open- and close-ended items among 498 LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender) identified individuals attending an annual Pride event in a large northeastern city. Both quantitative and qualitative findings suggested that consistent with other studies, spirituality was defined largely in relational terms (e.g., in terms of one’s relationship with God and with self). Religion, in contrast, was defined largely in terms of communal worship and in terms of its negative influences in the lives of individuals and communities. For this sample of LGBT persons, spiritual identities were more pronounced than religious ones, and this pattern may be explained by their understanding of the spiritual self in relation to prosocial engagement and interconnectedness with others, the world around them, and the universe. Further, religious affiliation and practices were explained, in part, by the religion in which the individual was raised, level of educational attainment, as well as the developmental stage in which the person is currently situated. The findings highlight the reality that a substantial number of LGBT individuals may remain committed to religious and spiritual life, which may be related to a motivation to make sense of one’s place in the world especially in light of societal misunderstandings and intolerance to LGBT individuals.
126 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors discuss the physics component of the curriculum and describe the impact of the highly collaborative, technology-rich, activity-based learning environment on a variety of conceptual and problem-solving assessments and attitude measures.
Abstract: Over a four-year time span, several departments at North Carolina State University offered experimental sections of courses taken by freshman engineering students. The acronym IMPEC (Integrated Math, Physics, Engineering, and Chemistry curriculum) describes which classes were involved. This paper discusses the physics component of the curriculum and describes the impact of the highly collaborative, technology-rich, activity-based learning environment on a variety of conceptual and problem-solving assessments and attitude measures. Qualitative and quantitative research results indicate that students in the experimental courses outperformed their cohorts in demographically matched traditional classes, often by a wide margin. Student satisfaction and confidence rates were remarkably high. We also noted substantial increases in retention and success rates for groups underrepresented in science, math, and engineering. Placing students in the same teams across multiple courses appears to have been the most beneficial aspect of the learning environment.
126 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors distinguish the meaning between method and methodology as they contend that the limited distinctions researchers make between these two terms in the qualitative literature pose a problem, and they adopt the term "combined methodological approach" to bring attention to the historical, theoretical and philosophical aspects of methodologies from which researchers combine methods.
Abstract: Qualitative researchers are increasingly combining methods, principles, and processes from different methodologies in the course of a research study as opposed to operating strictly within a delineated qualitative tradition. Researchers who combine methods might do so at some or all stages of the research process, including data collection, data analysis, and representation of findings. In health-related research in particular, we have observed that this combined approach is often invoked under the pragmatic rationale of producing research that is better positioned to translate into practical domains (e.g., Seaton, 2005). The combination of methods from different methodologies has been variously labeled qualitative mixed method design (Morse, 2010), multiple method design (Morse & Niehaus, 2009), multiple methodology (Seaton, 2005), non-categorical method of research (Thorne, Reimer Kirkham, & O'Flynn-Magee, 2004), interpretive description (Thorne et al., 2004), generic qualitative research (Caelli, Ray, & Mill, 2003), and combined qualitative methodology (Swanson-Kauffman, 1986). While some researchers use these terms interchangeably, others (e.g., Morse, 2010) propose distinctions by applying particular meanings and practices to some of these terms. In this article, we have adopted the term "combined methodological approach" to bring attention to the historical, theoretical, and philosophical aspects of methodologies from which researchers combine methods. It also refers to the act of combining research methods, processes, and principles commonly associated with different qualitative methodologies at some or all stages of the research process to address the objective(s) of a study. We distinguish the meaning between method and methodology as we contend that the limited distinctions researchers make between these two terms in the qualitative literature pose a problem. Denzin (2010) stated, "each qualitative method rests on different assumptions" (p. 422). Methodology can be situated at the interface between paradigm and method; it consists of a set of "skills, assumptions, and practices that the researcher employs as he or she moves from paradigm to the empirical world" (Denzin & Lincoln, 2005, p. 25). Among the most recognized qualitative methodologies are: phenomenology, ethnography, grounded theory, and narrative inquiry. Examples of methods developed within these traditions include: bracketing, participant observation, constant comparative analysis, and narrative interviewing, respectively. When authors refer to the terms grounded theory and focus group as methods, attention is taken away from the historical, philosophical, theoretical, and methodological aspects that are associated with qualitative traditions such as grounded theory. Critics caution that combined approaches can be problematic when limited attention is given to key considerations of the constituent methodologies. Caelli et al. (2003) observed that studies utilizing combined approaches are at times poorly anchored within an identifiable epistemological or theoretical perspective. They argued that under the pressure of time constraints, researchers turn toward the "less demanding option" (p. 3) of applying a combined approach because it is perceived as a way to avoid having to fully learn about any one established qualitative tradition. Moreover, those working from a purist paradigmatic and methodological perspective might not see, or agree with, the possibility for compatibility between, and combination of, qualitative traditions such as grounded theory and narrative inquiry. This might especially be the case if they understand these traditions to originate from two diverging paradigms (i.e., grounded theory in post-positivism and narrative inquiry in constructivism/constructionism/postmodernism) and disagree with the idea that methodologies can be 'moved' along the paradigmatic continuum. Yet, despite these cautionary claims, it is impossible to ignore the increasing trend in the literature of researchers applying combined methodological approaches. …
126 citations
TL;DR: How young Black South Africans in two urban informal settlements construct respect and a masculine identity is explored, suggesting that a youth masculinity emerges which prioritises violence and control over men's sexual partners, men seeking multiple sexual partners and men's violence to other men.
Abstract: Background : Urban informal settlements remain sites of high HIV incidence and prevalence, as well as violence. Increasing attention is paid on how configurations of young men’s masculinities shape these practices through exploring how men build respect and identity. In this paper, we explore how young Black South Africans in two urban informal settlements construct respect and a masculine identity. Methods : Data are drawn from three focus groups and 19 in-depth interviews. Results : We suggest that while young men aspire to a ‘traditional’ masculinity, prioritising economic power and control over the household, we suggest that a youth masculinity emerges which, in lieu of alternative ways to display power, prioritises violence and control over men’s sexual partners, men seeking multiple sexual partners and men’s violence to other men. This functions as a way of demonstrating masculinity and their position within a public gender order. Discussion : We suggest there are three implications of the findings for working with men on violence and HIV-risk reduction. First, there exist a number of contradictions in men’s discourses about masculinity that may provide spaces and opportunities for change. Second, it is important to work on multiple issues at once given the way violence, alcohol use, and sexual risk are interlinked in youth masculinity. Finally, engaging with men’s exclusion from the capitalist system may provide an important way to reduce violence. Keywords : masculinity; HIV; violence; gender; multiple sexual partners; livelihoods; IPV; unemployment (Published: 8 April 2014) Citation : Glob Health Action 2014, 7 : 23676 - http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/gha.v7.23676 Cluster : This paper is part of the Cluster Gender and health . More papers from this cluster can be found here and here .
126 citations
TL;DR: For the siblings, cancer was experienced as a different way of being within their family and involved siblings undergoing a loss of a family way of life and a Loss of self within the family.
Abstract: Childhood cancer and its treatment result in many challenges that impact the entire family. For siblings of children with cancer, the challenges can be particularly stressful as they often undergo tremendous change in their lives. Although there is a sound and growing body of knowledge on how siblings experience childhood cancer, there is still much to be learned. Part of a larger qualitative study aimed at detailing childhood cancer experience and its symptom trajectory from the perspective of parents, ill children, and siblings, this study aims to describe findings specific to 30 siblings who participated in the study. Siblings took part in individual interviews, focus group interviews, and participant observation. The constant comparative method of data analysis yielded the theoretical category of "ways of being in the world," which referred to the different ways that cancer impacted on the lives of children with cancer and their families. For the siblings, cancer was experienced as a different way of being within their family and involved siblings undergoing a loss of a family way of life and a loss of self within the family. Three themes related to a different way of being in the family were identified: committing to keeping my family together, being present, and enduring sadness. The findings reinforce that more needs to be done in helping healthy siblings through childhood cancer.
126 citations