Basics of qualitative research : grounded theory procedures and techniques
TL;DR: In this article, the authors discuss the uses of literature and open coding techniques for enhancing theoretical sensitivity of theoretical studies, and give guidelines for judging a grounded theory study.
Abstract: Introduction Getting Started Theoretical Sensitivity The Uses of Literature Open Coding Techniques for Enhancing Theoretical Sensitivity Axial Coding Selective Coding Process The Conditional Matrix Theoretical Sampling Memos and Diagrams Writing Theses and Monographs, and Giving Talks about Your Research Criteria for Judging a Grounded Theory Study
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TL;DR: In this article, a study of Canadian firms in the oil and gas, mining, and forestry industries from 1986 to 1995 showed that both resource-based and institutional factors influence corporate sustainable development.
Abstract: This study operationalizes corporate sustainable development and examines its organizational determinants. Data for this project pertain to Canadian firms in the oil and gas, mining, and forestry industries from 1986 to 1995. I find that both resource-based and institutional factors influence corporate sustainable development. By exploring time-related effects, I also find that media pressures were important in early periods and resource-based opportunities endured over time. This finding challenges the assumption that firms first adopt innovations in response to technical rewards which are later institutionalized. These counter-intuitive results may be attributable to the unique characteristics of the dependent variable, corporate sustainable development. They raise important questions and directions for future research. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
2,209 citations
TL;DR: An overview of philosophy of science and research paradigms is given in this paper, where counseling researchers are urged to locate their inquiry approaches within identifiable research paradigm, and examples of locating two popular inquiry approaches-consensual qualitative research and grounded theory-are provided.
Abstract: This article presents an overview of philosophy of science and research paradigms. The philosophy of science parameters of ontology, epistemology, axiology, rhetorical structure, and methodology are discussed across the research paradigms of positivism, postpositivism, constructivism-interpretivism, and the critical-ideological perspective. Counseling researchers are urged to locate their inquiry approaches within identifiable research paradigms, and examples of locating 2 popular inquiry approaches-consensual qualitative research and grounded theory-are provided. Examples of how counseling research would proceed from varying paradigms are explored, and a call is made for expanding the training students receive in philosophy of science and qualitative approaches to inquiry.
2,192 citations
01 Jan 2004
TL;DR: In this article, Gillian Symon and Catherine Cassell used Interviews in Qualitative Research (BEQR) to promote new research practices in Organizational Research and promote new Research Practices inorganizational research.
Abstract: Promoting New Research Practices in Organizational Research - Gillian Symon and Catherine Cassell Using Interviews in Qualitative Research - Nigel King Electronic Interviews in Organizational Research - Stephanie J Morgan and Gillian Symon Life Histories - Gill Musson Critical Incident Technique - Elizabeth Chell Repertory Grids - Catherine Cassell and Susan Walsh Cognitive Mapping in Organizational Research - Seonaidh McDonald, Kevin Daniels and Claire Harris The Twenty Statements Test - Anne Rees and Nigel Nicholson Qualitative Research Diaries - Gillian Symon Stories in Organizational Research - Yiannis Gabriel and Dorothy S Griffiths Pictorial Representation - David R Stiles Group Methods of Organizational Analysis - Chris Steyaert and Ren[ac]e Bouwen Participant Observation - David Waddington Analytic Induction - Phil Johnson Critical Research and Analysis in Organizations - Kate Mackenzie Davey and Andreas P D Liefooghe Hermeneutic Understanding - John McAuley Discourse Analysis - Penny Dick Talk-in-Interaction/Conversation Analysis - Dalvir Samra-Fredericks Attributional Coding - Jo Silvester Grounded Theory in Organizational Research - Hannakaisa L[um]ansisalmi, Jos[ac]e-Maria Peir[ac]o and Mika Kivim[um]aki Using Templates in the Thematic Analysis of Text - Nigel King Using Data Matrices - Sara Nadin and Catherine Cassell Preserving, Sharing and Reusing Data from Qualitative Research - Louise Corti, Paul Thompson and Janet Fink Methods and Strategies Historical Analysis of Company Documents - Michael Rowlinson Ethnography - John D Brewer Case Study Research - Jean Hartley Soft Systems Analysis - Susan Walsh and Chris Clegg Reflections and Update Action Research and Research Action - Frank Heller A Family of Methods Co-Research - John Bennington and Jean Hartley Insider/Outsider Teams for Organizational Research The Future Conference - Fran Ryan
2,177 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Using critical race theory as a framework, the authors provided an examination of racial microaggressions and how they influence the collegiate racial climate using focus group interview data from African American students at three universities.
Abstract: Microaggressions are subtle insults (verbal, nonverbal, and/or visual) directed toward people of color, often automatically or unconsciously. Using critical race theory as a framework, the study described in this article provides an examination of racial microaggressions and how they influence the collegiate racial climate. Using focus group interview data from African American students at three universities, it reveals that racial microaggressions exist in both academic and social spaces in the collegiate environment. The study shows how African American students experience and respond to racial microaggressions. It also demonstrates how racial microaggressions have a negative impact on the campus racial climate. ... one must not look for the gross and obvious. The subtle, cumulative miniassault is the substance of today's racism... (Pierce, 1974, p. 516) In and of itself a microaggression may seem harmless, but the cumulative burden of a lifetime of microaggressions can theoretically contribute to diminished mortality, augmented morbidity, and flattened confidence. (Pierce, 1995, p. 281) These two epigraphs by psychiatrist Chester Pierce over a 21-year period speak volumes about an important, persistent, and underresearched social problem in the United States: racial microaggressions. Little is known about microaggressions, and yet this subtle form of racism has a dramatic impact on the lives of African Americans. Pierce and his colleagues have defined racial microaggressions as "subtle, stunning, often automatic, and nonverbal exchanges which are 'put downs' of blacks by offenders" (Pierce, Carew, Pierce-Gonzalez, & Wills, 1978, p. 66). They further maintain that these "offensive mechanisms used against blacks often are innocuous" and that the "cumulative weight of their never-ending burden is the major ingredient in black-white interactions" (p. 66). Additionally, Davis (1989) defined racial microaggressions as "stunning, automatic acts of disregard that stem from unconscious attitudes of white superiority and constitute a verification of black inferiority" (p. 1576). Racial microaggressions, or unconscious and subtle forms of racism, though pervasive, are seldom investigated (Delgado & Stefancic, 1992; Johnson, 1988; Lawrence, 1987; Sol6rzano, 1998). Occasionally, African American students get a glimpse into the world of unconscious racism as demonstrated in comments such as those related to us by students who participated in the study described in this article: "When I [a White person] talk about those Blacks, I really wasn't talking about you," "You [a Black person] are not like the rest of them. You're different," "If only there were more of them [Black people] like you [a Black person]," and "I don't think of you [a Black person] as Black." Referring to White authority figures in particular (i.e., judges and other criminal justice authorities), Davis (1989) has suggested that Whites are capable of such utterances because "cognitive habit, history, and culture [have made them] unable to hear the range of relevant voices and grapple with what reasonably might be said in the voice of discrimination's victims" (p. 1576). Subsequently, as Pierce (1974) maintained, each Black person "must be taught to recognize these microaggressions and construct his future by taking appropriate action at each instance of recognition" (p. 520). RACE, RAcism, AND RACIAL MICROAGGRESSIONS Our study of the collegiate racial climate and the effect of racial microaggressions begins by defining race and racism. One can argue that dominant groups often attempt to legitimate their position via ideological means or a set of beliefs that explains or justifies some actual or potential social arrangement. According to Banks (1995), an examination of U.S. history reveals that the "color line" of race is a socially constructed category, created to differentiate racial groups and to show the superiority or dominance of one race-in particular, Whites-over others. …
2,144 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the role of rhetoric in legitimating profound institutional change is described. And the authors describe how a Big Five accounting firm purchased a law firm, triggering a jurisdictional struggle within accoun...
Abstract: This paper describes the role of rhetoric in legitimating profound institutional change. In 1997, a Big Five accounting firm purchased a law firm, triggering a jurisdictional struggle within accoun...
2,105 citations