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Journal ArticleDOI

Battery Energy Storage Station (BESS)-Based Smoothing Control of Photovoltaic (PV) and Wind Power Generation Fluctuations

07 Mar 2013-IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy (IEEE)-Vol. 4, Iss: 2, pp 464-473
TL;DR: In this article, a smoothing control method for reducing wind/photovoltaic (PV)/BESS hybrid output power fluctuations and regulating battery state of charge (SOC) under the typical conditions is proposed.
Abstract: The battery energy storage station (BESS) is the current and typical means of smoothing wind- or solar-power generation fluctuations. Such BESS-based hybrid power systems require a suitable control strategy that can effectively regulate power output levels and battery state of charge (SOC). This paper presents the results of a wind/photovoltaic (PV)/BESS hybrid power system simulation analysis undertaken to improve the smoothing performance of wind/PV/BESS hybrid power generation and the effectiveness of battery SOC control. A smoothing control method for reducing wind/PV hybrid output power fluctuations and regulating battery SOC under the typical conditions is proposed. A novel real-time BESS-based power allocation method also is proposed. The effectiveness of these methods was verified using MATLAB/SIMULINK software.
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
11 Dec 2017-Energies
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a review of battery energy storage systems for serving grid support in various application tasks based on real-world projects and their characteristics with respect to performance and aging.
Abstract: Battery energy storage systems have gained increasing interest for serving grid support in various application tasks. In particular, systems based on lithium-ion batteries have evolved rapidly with a wide range of cell technologies and system architectures available on the market. On the application side, different tasks for storage deployment demand distinct properties of the storage system. This review aims to serve as a guideline for best choice of battery technology, system design and operation for lithium-ion based storage systems to match a specific system application. Starting with an overview to lithium-ion battery technologies and their characteristics with respect to performance and aging, the storage system design is analyzed in detail based on an evaluation of real-world projects. Typical storage system applications are grouped and classified with respect to the challenges posed to the battery system. Publicly available modeling tools for technical and economic analysis are presented. A brief analysis of optimization approaches aims to point out challenges and potential solution techniques for system sizing, positioning and dispatch operation. For all areas reviewed herein, expected improvements and possible future developments are highlighted. In order to extract the full potential of stationary battery storage systems and to enable increased profitability of systems, future research should aim to a holistic system level approach combining not only performance tuning on a battery cell level and careful analysis of the application requirements, but also consider a proper selection of storage sub-components as well as an optimized system operation strategy.

458 citations


Cites result from "Battery Energy Storage Station (BES..."

  • ...The requirements of maximum power to energy ratio (and resulting battery C-rate) are significantly lower in comparison to other applications; the storage main task of daytime to nighttime energy shift results in an overall low power requirement [173]....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, an energy management and control system for laboratory scale microgrid based on hybrid energy resources such as wind, solar, and battery is proposed, which operates in autonomous mode and has an open architecture platform for testing multiple different control configurations.
Abstract: This paper proposes an energy management and control system for laboratory scale microgrid based on hybrid energy resources such as wind, solar, and battery. Power converters and control algorithms have been used along with dedicated energy resources for the efficient operation of the microgrid. The control algorithms are developed to provide power compatibility and energy management between different resources in the microgrid. It provides stable operation of the control in all microgrid subsystems under various power generation and load conditions. The proposed microgrid, based on hybrid energy resources, operates in autonomous mode and has an open architecture platform for testing multiple different control configurations. A real-time control system has been used to operate and validate the hybrid resources in the microgrid experimentally. The proposed laboratory scale microgrid can be used as a benchmark for future research in smart grid applications.

333 citations


Cites methods from "Battery Energy Storage Station (BES..."

  • ...Simulation based validation in microgrid has been conducted to verify the supervisory, management and control system [7]–[9]....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a comprehensive literature review on problems associated when the intermittent PV is connected to grid and the methods of smoothing the output power fluctuation from PV is presented, also briefly discusses control strategy built for battery energy storage pertaining to this issue.
Abstract: Renewable Energy Sources (RESs) particularly photovoltaic (PV) and wind are becoming important sources for power generation. Frequently varying output of PV and wind caused by clouds movement, weather condition and wind speed make them an intermittent and unreliable sources when connected to grid. Connecting intermittent sources to grid introduces challenges in various technical aspects such as power quality, protection, generation dispatch control and reliability. In this context, leveling intermittent source׳s output is necessary inorder to maintain grid׳s stability. This paper is aimed at bringing out the latest comprehensive literature review on problems associated when the intermittent PV is connected to grid and the methods of smoothing the output power fluctuation from PV. This paper also briefly discusses control strategy built for battery energy storage pertaining to this issue.

304 citations


Cites background or methods from "Battery Energy Storage Station (BES..."

  • ...Use of lithium ion phosphate battery energy storage is demonstrated to smooth the output power fluctuation from PV and wind hybrid system [55]....

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  • ...A four stage SOC smoothing control strategy is proposed in [55] for lithium ion phosphate BES which is based on (i) SOC level of individual BES units and (ii) charge/discharge power constraint of each BES units....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors proposed a strategy where the ramp-rate of PV panel output is used to control the PV inverter ramp rate to a desired level by deploying energy storage.
Abstract: The variability of solar irradiance with a high ramp-rate, caused by cloud passing, can create fluctuation in the PV output. In a weak distribution grid with a high PV penetration, this can create significant voltage fluctuations. Energy storage devices are used to smooth out the fluctuation using traditional moving average control. However, moving average does not control the ramp-rate directly; rather the ramp-rate depends on previous values of PV output. This paper proposes a strategy where the ramp-rate of PV panel output is used to control the PV inverter ramp-rate to a desired level by deploying energy storage (which can be available for other purposes, such as storing surplus power, countering voltage rise, etc.). During the ramping event, the desired ramp-rate is governed by controlling the energy storage based on an inverse relationship with the PV panel output ramp-rate to improve the fluctuation mitigation performance. In contrast to the moving average method, the proposed strategy is able to control the desired ramp-rate independent of the past history of the PV panel output. A dynamic model of the PV-storage integrated system is developed to verify the proposed strategy in the presence of physical device time lags. The proposed strategy is verified using simulation results based on an Australian distribution system. A laboratory experiment is also conducted to validate the concept of the proposed control strategy.

278 citations


Additional excerpts

  • ...controller and dynamic rate limiter approach is used in [17] for smoothing of PV and wind power generation fluctuations....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, an optimal energy dispatch strategy is established for grid connected and standalone microgrids integrated with photovoltaic (PV), wind turbine (WT), fuel cell (FC), micro turbine (MT), diesel generator (DG) and battery energy storage system (ESS).
Abstract: Microgrid with hybrid renewable energy sources is a promising solution where the distribution network expansion is unfeasible or not economical. Integration of renewable energy sources provides energy security, substantial cost savings and reduction in greenhouse gas emissions, enabling nation to meet emission targets. Microgrid energy management is a challenging task for microgrid operator (MGO) for optimal energy utilization in microgrid with penetration of renewable energy sources, energy storage devices and demand response. In this paper, optimal energy dispatch strategy is established for grid connected and standalone microgrids integrated with photovoltaic (PV), wind turbine (WT), fuel cell (FC), micro turbine (MT), diesel generator (DG) and battery energy storage system (ESS). Techno-economic benefits are demonstrated for the hybrid power system. So far, microgrid energy management problem has been addressed with the aim of minimizing operating cost only. However, the issues of power losses and environment i.e., emission-related objectives need to be addressed for effective energy management of microgrid system. In this paper, microgrid energy management (MGEM) is formulated as mixed-integer linear programming and a new multi-objective solution is proposed for MGEM along with demand response program. Demand response is included in the optimization problem to demonstrate it’s impact on optimal energy dispatch and techno-commercial benefits. Fuzzy interface has been developed for optimal scheduling of ESS. Simulation results are obtained for the optimal capacity of PV, WT, DG, MT, FC, converter, BES, charging/discharging scheduling, state of charge of battery, power exchange with grid, annual net present cost, cost of energy, initial cost, operational cost, fuel cost and penalty of greenhouse gases emissions. The results show that CO2 emissions in standalone hybrid microgrid system is reduced by 51.60% compared to traditional system with grid only. Simulation results obtained with the proposed method is compared with various evolutionary algorithms to verify it’s effectiveness.

216 citations

References
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, an AC-linked hybrid wind/photovoltaic (PV)/fuel cell alternative energy system for stand-alone applications is proposed, where wind and PV are the primary power sources of the system, and an FC-electrolyzer combination is used as a backup and a long-term storage system.
Abstract: This paper proposes an AC-linked hybrid wind/photovoltaic (PV)/fuel cell (FC) alternative energy system for stand-alone applications. Wind and PV are the primary power sources of the system, and an FC-electrolyzer combination is used as a backup and a long-term storage system. An overall power management strategy is designed for the proposed system to manage power flows among the different energy sources and the storage unit in the system. A simulation model for the hybrid energy system has been developed using MATLAB/Simulink. The system performance under different scenarios has been verified by carrying out simulation studies using a practical load demand profile and real weather data.

722 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a control strategy for optimal use of the battery energy storage system (BESS) with a large wind farm can smooth out the intermittent power from the wind farm.
Abstract: Integrating a battery energy storage system (BESS) with a large wind farm can smooth out the intermittent power from the wind farm. This paper focuses on development of a control strategy for optimal use of the BESS for this purpose. The paper considers a conventional feedback-based control scheme with revisions to incorporate the operating constraints of the BESS, such as state of charge limits, charge/discharge rate, and lifetime. The goal of the control is to have the BESS provide as much smoothing as possible so that the wind farm can be dispatched on an hourly basis based on the forecasted wind conditions. The effectiveness of this control strategy has been tested by using an actual wind farm data. Finally, it is shown that the control strategy is very important in determining the proper BESS size needed for this application.

484 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A continuous dynamic model and a control design of the power system studied are proposed in this paper, which makes it possible to ensure a high battery state of charge and overcharge security by designing a dedicated local control system.
Abstract: A hybrid generator with a photovoltaic energy conversion system is proposed with supercapacitors and lead-acid batteries in a dc-coupled structure. The objective of this system is to supply the prescribed reactive and active power to the grid. This paper focuses on the strategy, which makes it possible to ensure a high battery state of charge and overcharge security by designing a dedicated local control system. A continuous dynamic model and a control design of the power system studied are proposed in this paper. Simulation and experimental results illustrate the performances obtained.

284 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a current-source ECaSS (CS-ECS) is proposed, which consists of EDLC, bi-directional DC-DC converter, and current source inverter.
Abstract: Utilization of renewable energy are coming up from view points of environmental conservation and depletion of fossil fuel. However, the generated power from renewable energies is always fluctuating due to environmental status. Energy storage system is indispensable to compensate these fluctuating components. Energy capacitor system (ECaSS) connected an electric double-layer capacitor (EDLC) with power-electronics devices is useful for the compensation of fluctuating power since one is capable of controlling both active and reactive power simultaneously. This paper proposes the current-source ECaSS (CS-ECS), which consists of EDLC, bi-directional DC-DC converter, and current-source inverter. We have presented the control system for the active/reactive power control of CS-ECS, and have shown the effectiveness of CS-ECS through computer simulations for case of wind power generation system.

247 citations


"Battery Energy Storage Station (BES..." refers background in this paper

  • ...To that end, several control strategies and configurations for hybrid energy storage systems, such as a battery energy storage system [1]–[5], [13]–[19], a superconducting magnetic energy system (SMES) [6], a flywheel energy system (FES) [7], an energy capacitor system (ECS) [8]–[12], and a fuel cell/electrolyzer hybrid system [20], [21], have been proposed to smooth wind power fluctuation or enhance power quality....

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Proceedings ArticleDOI
01 Oct 2006
TL;DR: In this paper, a state-of-charge feed-back control was proposed to keep the charging level of the battery within its proper range while the battery energy storage system smoothed out output fluctuation of a wind farm.
Abstract: Although wind power generation has been introduced continuously in Japan, it is of considerable concern that, an intermittent power output would have affected interconnected grids. As an approach for the output fluctuation, authors are making a research in smoothing out a short-term fluctuation using a hybrid system of a battery energy storage system and a wind farm. In order to operate the hybrid system, the charging-level of the battery has to be regulated not to exceed its operable range. This paper presents a control system called as "state-of-charge feed back control" to keep the charging level of the battery within its proper range while the battery energy storage system smoothes out output fluctuation of a wind farm. Furthermore, this paper clarifies fundamental characteristics of the control to show its effectiveness through a theoretical study and numerical simulations

229 citations


"Battery Energy Storage Station (BES..." refers background in this paper

  • ...Thus far, although various effective BESS-based methods of smoothing power fluctuations in renewable power generation systems have been proposed [2], [3], [5], smoothing targets for grid-connected wind and PV farms generally have not been formulated....

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  • ...To that end, several control strategies and configurations for hybrid energy storage systems, such as a battery energy storage system [1]–[5], [13]–[19], a superconducting magnetic energy system (SMES) [6], a flywheel energy system (FES) [7], an energy capacitor system (ECS) [8]–[12], and a fuel cell/electrolyzer hybrid system [20], [21], have been proposed to smooth wind power fluctuation or enhance power quality....

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  • ...The control strategies published in [1]–[5], [13]–[19], [25], [26] were formulated mainly for small-scale BESS-based smoothing; hence, they did not consider power allocation among several BESS....

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