Behavior of a 14 cm Bore Solenoid With Multifilament ${\rm MgB}_{2}$ Tape
TL;DR: In this article, a 14 cm bore solenoid wound with 400 meters of multifilament, copper stabilized tape was tested in a cryocooled vacuum chamber and it reached 175 A at 16 K with a central B0 of 1 Tesla.
Abstract: The properties of MgB2 have the potential to make this material a viable solution for applications in which temperature, costs or weight are considered relevant constraints. In order to realize large scale applications, it is important to investigate the material, but also the winding process for MgB2 wires and tapes. In the literature small coils have already demonstrated central magnetic flux density above 2 Tesla, overcoming common winding problems related to MgB2 wires. In this current research, efforts are being made in order to improve the performance of solenoid coils, which are of particular interest for many applications, e.g. for space propulsion systems such as the VASIMR engine. A number of coils with MgB2 tapes are being built. In this paper we present results of the test of a 14 cm bore solenoid wound with 400 meters of multifilament, copper stabilized tape. The magnet was tested in a cryocooled vacuum chamber and it reached 175 A at 16 K with a central B0 of 1 Tesla.
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TL;DR: In this article, electromagnetic designs for conduction cooled main magnets over the range of medium field strengths (1.5 T) to ultra high field strength (7.0 T) are presented.
Abstract: Main magnets for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are largely constructed with low temperature superconducting material. Most commonly used superconductors for these magnets are niobium-titanium (NbTi). Such magnets are operated at 4.2 K by being immersed in a liquid helium bath for long time operation. As the cost of liquid helium has increased threefold in the last decade and the market for MRI systems is on average increasing by more than 7% every year, there is a growing demand for an alternative to liquid helium. Superconductors such as magnesium-diboride (MgB2) and niobium-tin (Nb3Sn) demonstrate superior current carrying quality at higher critical temperatures than 4.2 K. In this article, electromagnetic designs for conduction cooled main magnets over the range of medium field strengths (1.5 T) to ultrahigh field strengths (7.0 T) are presented. These designs are achieved by an improved functional approach coming from a series of developments by the present research group and using properties of the state-of-the-art second generation MgB2 wires and Nb3Sn wires developed by Hyper Tech Research Inc. The MgB2 magnet designs operated at different field strengths demonstrate excellent homogeneity and shielding properties at an operating temperature of 10 K. At ultrahigh field, the high current density on Nb3Sn allowed by the larger magnetic field on wire helps to reduce the superconductor volume in comparison with high field NbTi magnet designs. This allows for a compact magnet design that can operate at a temperature of 8 K. Overall, the designs created show promise in the development of conduction cooled dry magnets that would reduce dependence on helium.
54 citations
TL;DR: In the past two years since the last ASC 2004 conference, a substantial improvement was made in the manufacture and use of Magnesium Diboride conductors as discussed by the authors, and many km of conductors were already produced throughout the world and it is now possible to deeply think about a convenient industrial production of this conductor, as it is already possible to purchase it in reasonable lengths on the free market.
Abstract: In the past two years since the last ASC 2004 conference, a substantial improvement was made in the manufacture and use of Magnesium Diboride conductors. Many km of conductors were already produced throughout the world and it is now possible to deeply think about a convenient industrial production of this conductor, as it is already possible to purchase it in reasonable lengths on the free market. This result was obtained just a few years after its discovery in 2001, well in advance whether compared with the relatively slow breakthrough of HTS conductors in industrial applications. These remarkable lengths of conductor were also wound in coils and their performance continuously improved in the past years. Recently, the possibility to realize superconducting joints was also demonstrated. Here we present an overview of the recent results and a perspective for the future development of this "new" superconductor.
34 citations
Cites methods from "Behavior of a 14 cm Bore Solenoid W..."
...The possibility to wind an already reacted conductor in a relative small diameter without any degradation is demonstrated with the test of one solenoid R&W magnet wound on 135 mm ID [7]....
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TL;DR: In this article, the initial stages of quench development was modeled using the Douglas-Gunn method to solve the 3D heat equation and it was determined that wires with higher bulk thermal conductivity and lower electrical resistivity reduced the hot-spot temperature rise near the beginning of a quench.
Abstract: To reduce the usage of liquid helium in MRI magnets, magnesium diboride (MgB2), a high temperature superconductor, has been considered for use in a design of conduction cooled MRI magnets. Compared to NbTi wires the normal zone propagation velocity (NZPV) in MgB2 is much slower leading to a higher temperature rise and the necessity of active quench protection. The temperature rise, resistive voltage, and NZPV during a quench in a 1.5 T main magnet design with MgB2 superconducting wire was calculated for a variety of wire compositions. The quench development was modeled using the Douglas–Gunn method to solve the 3D heat equation. It was determined that wires with higher bulk thermal conductivity and lower electrical resistivity reduced the hot-spot temperature rise near the beginning of a quench. These improvements can be accomplished by increasing the copper fraction inside the wire, using a sheath material (such as Glidcop) with a higher thermal conductivity and lower electrical resistivity, and by increasing the thermal conductivity of the wire's insulation. The focus of this paper is on the initial stages of quench development, and does not consider the later stages of the quench or magnet protection.
29 citations
TL;DR: In this article, an active quench protection system for a 1.5 T MgB2 conduction-cooled MRI magnet operating in persistent current mode is considered, which relies on the detection of the resistive voltage developed in the magnet, which is used to trigger the external energizing of quench heaters located on the surfaces of all ten coil bundles.
Abstract: The active quench protection of a 1.5 T MgB2 conduction-cooled MRI magnet operating in persistent current mode is considered. An active quench protection system relies on the detection of the resistive voltage developed in the magnet, which is used to trigger the external energizing of quench heaters located on the surfaces of all ten coil bundles. A numerical integration of the heat equation is used to determine the development of the temperature profile and the maximum temperature in the coil at the origin, or 'hot spot', of the quench. Both n-value of the superconductor and magnetoresistance of the wire are included in the simulations. An MgB2 wire manufactured by Hyper Tech Research, Inc. was used as the basis to model the wire for the simulations. With the proposed active quench protection system, the maximum temperature was limited to 200 K or less, which is considered low enough to prevent damage to the magnet. By substituting Glidcop for the Monel in the wire sheath or by increasing the thermal conductivity of the insulation, the margin for safe operation was further increased, the maximum temperature decreasing by more than 40 K. The strain on the MgB2 filaments is calculated using ANSYS, verifying that the stress and strain limits in the MgB2 superconductor and epoxy insulation are not exceeded.
18 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, self-field quench behavior of two types of multifilamentary MgB 2 wires with different numbers of filaments and outer sheath materials are tested.
17 citations
References
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors reported the discovery of bulk superconductivity in magnesium diboride, MgB2, with a transition temperature of 39'K, which they believe to be the highest yet determined for a non-copper-oxide bulk superconductor.
Abstract: In the light of the tremendous progress that has been made in raising the transition temperature of the copper oxide superconductors (for a review, see ref. 1), it is natural to wonder how high the transition temperature, Tc, can be pushed in other classes of materials. At present, the highest reported values of Tc for non-copper-oxide bulk superconductivity are 33 K in electron-doped CsxRbyC60 (ref. 2), and 30 K in Ba1-xKxBiO3 (ref. 3). (Hole-doped C60 was recently found4 to be superconducting with a Tc as high as 52 K, although the nature of the experiment meant that the supercurrents were confined to the surface of the C60 crystal, rather than probing the bulk.) Here we report the discovery of bulk superconductivity in magnesium diboride, MgB2. Magnetization and resistivity measurements establish a transition temperature of 39 K, which we believe to be the highest yet determined for a non-copper-oxide bulk superconductor.
5,402 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the performance of nano-SiC-doped MgB2 was investigated for flux pinning. And the results showed that the magnetic Jc is consistent with the transport Jc, which remains at 20'000 A/cm2 even at 10 T and 5 K for the doped sample, an order of magnitude higher than the undoped one.
Abstract: Doping of MgB2 by nano-SiC and its potential for the improvement of flux pinning were studied for MgB2−x(SiC)x/2 with x=0, 0.2, and 0.3 and for 10 wt % nano-SiC-doped MgB2 samples. Cosubstitution of B by Si and C counterbalanced the effects of single-element doping, decreasing Tc by only 1.5 K, introducing intragrain pinning centers effective at high fields and temperatures, and significantly enhancing Jc and Hirr. Compared to the undoped sample, Jc for the 10 wt % doped sample increased by a factor of 32 at 5 K and 8 T, 42 at 20 K and 5 T, and 14 at 30 K and 2 T. At 20 K and 2 T, the Jc for the doped sample was 2.4×105 A/cm2, which is comparable to Jc values for the best Ag/Bi-2223 tapes. At 20 K and 4 T, Jc was twice as high as for the best MgB2 thin films and an order of magnitude higher than for the best Fe/MgB2 tapes. The magnetic Jc is consistent with the transport Jc which remains at 20 000 A/cm2 even at 10 T and 5 K for the doped sample, an order of magnitude higher than the undoped one. Because o...
814 citations
"Behavior of a 14 cm Bore Solenoid W..." refers background in this paper
...However, during the past years different techniques have contributed to increase the usability of (thermal treatment [7], mechanical process [8], [9], irradiation [10], doping [11], magnetic shielding [12], [13], etc....
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TL;DR: In this article, the effect of nano-SiC on flux pinning was studied for MgB2-x(SiC)x/2 with x = 0, 0.2 and 0.3.
Abstract: Doping of MgB2 by nano-SiC and its potential for improvement of flux pinning was studied for MgB2-x(SiC)x/2 with x = 0, 0.2 and 0.3 and a 10wt% nano-SiC doped MgB2 samples. Co-substitution of B by Si and C counterbalanced the effects of single-element doping, decreasing Tc by only 1.5K, introducing pinning centres effective at high fields and temperatures and enhancing Jc and Hirr significantly. Compared to the non-doped sample, Jc for the 10wt% doped sample increased by a factor of 32 at 5K and 8T, 42 at 20K and 5T, and 14 at 30K and 2T. At 20K, which is considered to be a benchmark operating temperature for MgB2, the best Jc for the doped sample was 2.4x10^5A/cm2 at 2T, which is comparable to Jc of the best Ag/Bi-2223 tapes. At 20K and 4T, Jc was 36,000A/cm2, which was twice as high as for the best MgB2 thin films and an order of magnitude higher than for the best Fe/MgB2 tapes. Because of such high performance, it is anticipated that the future MgB2 conductors will be made using the formula of MgBxSiyCz instead of the pure MgB2.
710 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors reported the discovery of bulk superconductivity in magnesium diboride, MgB2, with a transition temperature of 39'K, which they believe to be the highest yet determined for a non-copper-oxide bulk superconductor.
Abstract: In the light of the tremendous progress that has been made in raising the transition temperature of the copper oxide superconductors (for a review, see ref. 1), it is natural to wonder how high the transition temperature, Tc, can be pushed in other classes of materials. At present, the highest reported values of Tc for non-copper-oxide bulk superconductivity are 33 K in electron-doped CsxRbyC60 (ref. 2), and 30 K in Ba1-xKxBiO3 (ref. 3). (Hole-doped C60 was recently found4 to be superconducting with a Tc as high as 52 K, although the nature of the experiment meant that the supercurrents were confined to the surface of the C60 crystal, rather than probing the bulk.) Here we report the discovery of bulk superconductivity in magnesium diboride, MgB2. Magnetization and resistivity measurements establish a transition temperature of 39 K, which we believe to be the highest yet determined for a non-copper-oxide bulk superconductor.
318 citations
"Behavior of a 14 cm Bore Solenoid W..." refers background in this paper
...MAGNESIUM diboride is an apparently simple binary compound that was discovered to be superconducting only in 2001 [1]....
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