Behavioral effects of lesions or cholinergic blockade of the dorsal and ventral caudate of rats.
01 May 1970-Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology (J Comp Physiol Psychol)-Vol. 71, Iss: 2, pp 311-317
About: This article is published in Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology.The article was published on 1970-05-01. It has received 126 citations till now.
Citations
More filters
••
TL;DR: Evidence suggests that during learning, basal ganglia and medial temporal lobe memory systems are activated simultaneously and that in some learning situations competitive interference exists between these two systems.
Abstract: Although the mammalian basal ganglia have long been implicated in motor behavior, it is generally recognized that the behavioral functions of this subcortical group of structures are not exclusively motoric in nature. Extensive evidence now indicates a role for the basal ganglia, in particular the dorsal striatum, in learning and memory. One prominent hypothesis is that this brain region mediates a form of learning in which stimulus-response (S-R) associations or habits are incrementally acquired. Support for this hypothesis is provided by numerous neurobehavioral studies in different mammalian species, including rats, monkeys, and humans. In rats and monkeys, localized brain lesion and pharmacological approaches have been used to examine the role of the basal ganglia in S-R learning. In humans, study of patients with neurodegenerative diseases that compromise the basal ganglia, as well as research using brain neuroimaging techniques, also provide evidence of a role for the basal ganglia in habit learning. Several of these studies have dissociated the role of the basal ganglia in S-R learning from those of a cognitive or declarative medial temporal lobe memory system that includes the hippocampus as a primary component. Evidence suggests that during learning, basal ganglia and medial temporal lobe memory systems are activated simultaneously and that in some learning situations competitive interference exists between these two systems.
1,637 citations
••
TL;DR: The results of this study are consistent with the hypothesis that the mammalian brain may be capable of acquiring different kinds of information with different, more-or-less independent neural systems.
Abstract: This study investigated the respective roles of the hippocampus, the amygdala, and the dorsal striatum in learning and memory. A standard set of experimental conditions for studying the effects of lesions to the three brain areas using an 8-arm radial maze was used: a win-shift version, a conditioned cue preference (CCP) version, and a win-stay version. Damage to the hippocampal system impaired acquisition of the win-shift task but not the CCP or win-stay tasks. Damage to the lateral amygdala impaired acquisition of the CCP task but not the win-shift or win-stay tasks. Damage to the dorsal striatum impaired acquisition of the win-stay task but not the win-shift or CCP tasks. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the mammalian brain may be capable of acquiring different kinds of information with different, more-or-less independent neural systems. A neural system that includes the hippocampus may acquire information about the relationships among stimuli and events. A neural system that includes the amygdala may mediate the rapid acquisition of behaviors based on biologically significant events with affective properties. A neural system that includes the dorsal striatum may mediate the formation of reinforced stimulus-response associations.
1,077 citations
••
TL;DR: A double dissociation of the mnemonic functions of the hippocampus and caudate nucleus is demonstrated, demonstrating the presence of 2 memory systems in the mammalian brain.
Abstract: The present experiments were designed to examine the hypothesis that the mammalian brain contains anatomically distinct memory systems. Rats with bilateral lesions of caudate nucleus or fimbria-fornix and a control group were tested postoperatively on 1 of 2 versions of the radial maze task. In a standard win-shift version, each of the 8 arms of the maze was baited once, and the number of errors (revisits) in the first 8 choices of each trial was recorded. Fimbria-fornix rats were impaired in choice accuracy, while caudate animals were unimpaired relative to controls. Different groups of rats with similar lesions were tested on a newly developed win-stay version of the radial maze, in which the location of 4 randomly selected baited arms was signaled by a light at the entrance to each arm, and which required rats to revisit arms in which reinforcement had been previously acquired within a trial. Rats with fimbria-fornix lesions were superior to controls in choice accuracy on the win-stay radial maze task, while caudate animals were impaired relative to controls. The results demonstrate a double dissociation of the mnemonic functions of the hippocampus and caudate nucleus. Some implications of the presence of 2 memory systems in the mammalian brain are discussed.
978 citations
••
TL;DR: A theory of multiple parallel memory systems in the brain of the rat is described, which consists of a series of interconnected neural structures that can be cooperative or competitive, and experimental findings consistent with these ideas are reviewed.
872 citations
References
More filters
•
01 Jan 1962TL;DR: In this article, the authors introduce the principles of estimation and inference: means and variance, means and variations, and means and variance of estimators and inferors, and the analysis of factorial experiments having repeated measures on the same element.
Abstract: CHAPTER 1: Introduction to Design CHAPTER 2: Principles of Estimation and Inference: Means and Variance CHAPTER 3: Design and Analysis of Single-Factor Experiments: Completely Randomized Design CHAPTER 4: Single-Factor Experiments Having Repeated Measures on the Same Element CHAPTER 5: Design and Analysis of Factorial Experiments: Completely-Randomized Design CHAPTER 6: Factorial Experiments: Computational Procedures and Numerical Example CHAPTER 7: Multifactor Experiments Having Repeated Measures on the Same Element CHAPTER 8: Factorial Experiments in which Some of the Interactions are Confounded CHAPTER 9: Latin Squares and Related Designs CHAPTER 10: Analysis of Covariance
25,607 citations
••
TL;DR: This chapter discusses design and analysis of single-Factor Experiments: Completely Randomized Design and Factorial Experiments in which Some of the Interactions are Confounded.
24,665 citations
•
TL;DR: A good case can be made for the concept that the physiological activity of the brain dopamine is quite different from that of brain norepinephrine, although there are as yet no experiments to positively show that dopamine is a true neuro-transmitter substance in the brain.
Abstract: The whole body of evidence discussed in this article shows that brain dopamine can be regarded as a strong candidate for a physiologically active substance, regulating the functioning of some extrapyramidal centers, especially substantia nigra, striatum and pallidum. The following findings provide strong support for this view: The dopamine is mainly confined to the extrapyramidal regions mentioned; in these regions, the amine is localized in specific neurons and nerve terminals; its rate of turnover is of a high order of magnitude; is there a correlation between itsconcentration in the brain and the functional state of the extrapyramidal centers following administration of certain drugs; there is a striking relationship between some extrapyramidal disorders (drug-induced and genuine parkinsonism) and the lack of the amine in the substantia nigra, the striatum and the pallidum; and, finally, that substantia nigra exerts a direct influence on the concentration of the amine in the striatum by virtue of the nigro-striatal dopamine-containing fibers.
In the extrapyramidal centers, dopamine may have either inhibitory or excitatory activity. Neurophysiological evidence obtained in different species points to a predominantly inhibitory activity of dopamine on single neurons of the brain.
Evidence showing that in the retina and in the median eminence (including the pituitary stalk) dopamine may be the predominant catecholamine argues in favor of a specific function of the amine in these brain structures, although there are at present no direct findings to prove this suggestion.
From the evidence discussed in this article a good case can be made for the concept that the physiological activity of the brain dopamine is quite different from that of brain norepinephrine. There are as yet., however, no experiments to positively show that dopamine is a true neuro-transmitter substance in the brain. All central dopamine effects could equally well be explained by assuming that the amine is a modifier of synaptic transmission.
Therefore, in order to establish dopamine unequivocally as a central neurotransmitter substance, there is still one crucial experiment to be done: to demonstrate that upon stimulation of the relevant parts of the brain, dopamine is in fact released at synapses to exert by itself an effect on the neurons standing in synaptic relationship with the stimulated dopamine-containing terminals. It is to be hoped that we shall not have to wait too long for this experiment to be performed.
1,379 citations