scispace - formally typeset
Search or ask a question
Journal ArticleDOI

Behaviour of Ice Crystal Growth in a Vertical Finned Cylindrical Freeze Concentrator

01 Nov 2014-Applied Mechanics and Materials (Trans Tech Publications)-Vol. 695, pp 451-454
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the behavior of ice crystal growth at two different operating parameters (coolant temperature and circulation time) for progressive freeze concentration (PFC) of glucose solution through a vertical finned crystallizer (VFC).
Abstract: Behaviours of ice crystal growth at two different operating parameters namely coolant temperature and circulation time were investigated for progressive freeze concentration (PFC) of glucose solution through a vertical finned crystallizer (VFC). Two determinant parameters which are ice production rate (mu), and water recovery (WR) were used to illustrate the behaviours of ice crystal growth in this study. From the result, higher ice production rate (mu) and water recovery (WR) were achieved at lower coolant temperature. On the other hand, longer circulation time resulted in lower ice production rate (mu), but at the same time increased the water recovery (WR). The maximum ice production rate (mu) and water recovery (WR) attained through this study were 1.522 gm-2s-1 and 51.131 %, respectively.

Content maybe subject to copyright    Report

Citations
More filters
Journal ArticleDOI
25 Jan 2021
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors proposed a new solution movement for progressive freezing, which is circular moving progressive freezing (CPMF), to remove water from the wastewater sample (i.e., produced water).
Abstract: Treatment and disposal are two main approaches for water cycle management in the oil and gas industry. Freeze concentration has been identified as one of the methods to separate water from wastewater samples. The conventional method used for solution movement in progressive freezing technique is stirring by a stirrer. However, the stirrer requires frequent maintenance as it needs to be cleaned and requires longer cleaning time due to the complex structure of a stirrer. Thus, the new solution movement for progressive freezing is proposed, which is circular moving progressive freezing. This study aims to remove water from the wastewater sample (i.e., produced water). To optimize and investigate the effect of coolant temperature, freezing time and rotation speed, response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to determine the efficiency of the process and central composite design (CCD) was used to design the experiment. From the results, the optimum parameters were determined at the freezing time of 22.79 min, coolant temperature of −14.89 °C and rotation speed of 59 rpm. To evaluate the accuracy of the optimization process, a validation experiment was performed and water removal value of 89.67% was achieved.

3 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Apr 2020
TL;DR: In this paper, a study of Progressive Freeze Concentration (PFC) and Eutectic Freeze Concentrations (EFC) method has been carried out and further investigated on their performance in recovering the salt.
Abstract: In this industrial era, salt recovery from seawater has become an important issue from the environment perspective. Few freezing technologies have been proposed as capable way to separate the salt from the seawater because of the energy used in the previous technologies is higher. A study of Progressive Freeze Concentration (PFC) and Eutectic Freeze Concentration (EFC) method have been carrying out and further investigated on their performance in recovering the salt. For the PFC method, pure water crystallizes into crystal and the concentrate is left behind as in liquid form while for the EFC method, both ice crystals and salt crystallize at the same time when the initial concentration of water salt mixture is exactly the same as eutectic concentration. In EFC, salt sinks to the bottom while ice floats at the top of the crystallizer and both are separated by gravity separation. Effective partition constant and solute recovery are calculated to evaluate the efficiency of PFC and EFC. In this study, the PFC method has shown an effective partition constant of 0.28 and recovered solute of 0.88 g of sodium chloride per 1 g of initial sodium chloride while for EFC method, effective partition constant and solute recovery obtained are 0.59 and 0.66. Overall, both techniques are applicable for the seawater desalination process.

1 citations

References
More filters
Book
05 Mar 2003
TL;DR: Transport Processes and Separation Process Principles, Fourth Edition as mentioned in this paper is a comprehensive, unified, up-to-date guide to transport and separation processes, which covers both fundamental principles and practical applications.
Abstract: The comprehensive, unified, up-to-date guide to transport and separation processes.Today, chemical engineering professionals need a thorough understanding of momentum, heat, and mass transfer processes, as well as separation processes. Transport Processes and Separation Process Principles, Fourth Edition offers a unified and up-to-date treatment of all these topics. Thoroughly updated to reflect the field's latest methods and applications, it covers both fundamental principles and practical applications.Part 1 covers the essential principles underlying transport processes: momentum transfer; steady-state and unsteady-state heat transfer; and mass transfer, including both unsteady-state and convective mass transfer. Part 2 covers key separation processes, including evaporation, drying, humidification, absorption, distillation, adsorption, ion exchange, extraction, leaching, crystallization, dialysis, gas membrane separation, reverse osmosis, filtration, ultrafiltration, microfiltration, settling, centrifugal separation, and more. This edition's extensive updates and enhancements include: A more thorough coverage of momentum, heat, and mass transport processes Detailed new coverage of separation process applications Greatly expanded coverage of momentum transfer, including fluidized beds and non-Newtonian fluids More detailed discussions of mass transfer, absorption, distillation, liquid-liquid extraction, and crystallization Extensive new coverage of membrane separation processes and gas-membrane theoryTransport Processes and Separation Process Principles, Fourth Edition also features more than 240 example problems and over 550 homework problems reflecting the field's current methods and applications.

482 citations


"Behaviour of Ice Crystal Growth in ..." refers background in this paper

  • ...In addition, the thickness of ice produced is also one of the resistances to heat transfer, in which higher thickness of ice at longer circulation time resulted in higher heat transfer resistance [6]....

    [...]

Book
01 Jan 2007
TL;DR: In this article, the SI System of Basic Units (SI-BUs) is used to describe transport processes and separation processes in a variety of systems, such as MANETs, Pumps and Gas-Moving Equipment.
Abstract: Preface. I. TRANSPORT PROCESSES: MOMENTUM, HEAT, AND MASS. 1. Introduction to Engineering Principles and Units. Classification of Transport Processes and Separation Processes (Unit Operations). SI System of Basic Units Used in This Text and Other Systems. Methods of Expressing Temperatures and Compositions. Gas Laws and Vapor Pressure. Conservation of Mass and Material Balances. Energy and Heat Units. Conservation of Energy and Heat Balances. Numerical Methods for Integration. 2. Principles of Momentum Transfer and Overall Balances. Introduction. Fluid Statics. General Molecular Transport Equation for Momentum, Heat, and Mass Transfer. Viscosity of Fluids. Types of Fluid Flow and Reynolds Number. Overall Mass Balance and Continuity Equation. Overall Energy Balance. Overall Momentum Balance. Shell Momentum Balance and Velocity Profile in Laminar Flow. Design Equations for Laminar and Turbulent Flow in Pipes. Compressible Flow of Gases. 3. Principles of Momentum Transfer and Applications. Flow Past Immersed Objects and Packed and Fluidized Beds. Measurement of Flow of Fluids. Pumps and Gas-Moving Equipment. Agitation and Mixing of Fluids and Power Requirements. Non-Newtonian Fluids. Differential Equations of Continuity. Differential Equations of Momentum Transfer or Motion. Use of Differential Equations of Continuity and Motion. Other Methods for Solution of Differential Equations of Motion. Boundary-Layer Flow and Turbulence. Dimensional Analysis in Momentum Transfer. 4. Principles of Steady-State Heat Transfer. Introduction and Mechanisms of Heat Transfer. Conduction Heat Transfer. Conduction Through Solids in Series. Steady-State Conduction and Shape Factors. Forced Convection Heat Transfer Inside Pipes. Heat Transfer Outside Various Geometries in Forced Convection. Natural Convection Heat Transfer. Boiling and Condensation. Heat Exchangers. Introduction to Radiation Heat Transfer. Advanced Radiation Heat-Transfer Principles. Heat Transfer of Non-Newtonian Fluids. Special Heat-Transfer Coefficients. Dimensional Analysis in Heat Transfer. Numerical Methods for Steady-State Conduction in Two Dimensions. 5. Principles of Unsteady-State Heat Transfer. Derivation of Basic Equation. Simplified Case for Systems with Negligible Internal Resistance. Unsteady-State Heat Conduction in Various Geometries. Numerical Finite-Difference Methods for Unsteady-State Conduction. Chilling and Freezing of Food and Biological Materials. Differential Equation of Energy Change. Boundary-Layer Flow and Turbulence in Heat Transfer. 6. Principles of Mass Transfer. Introduction to Mass Transfer and Diffusion. Molecular Diffusion in Gases. Molecular Diffusion in Liquids Molecular Diffusion in Biological Solutions and Gels. Molecular Diffusion in Solids. Numerical Methods for Steady-State Molecular Diffusion in Two Dimensions. 7. Principles of Unsteady-State and Convective Mass Transfer. Unsteady-State Diffusion. Convective Mass-Transfer Coefficients. Mass-Transfer Coefficients for Various Geometries. Mass Transfer to Suspensions of Small Particles. Molecular Diffusion Plus Convection and Chemical Reaction. Diffusion of Gases in Porous Solids and Capillaries. Numerical Methods for Unsteady-State Molecular Diffusion. Dimensional Analysis in Mass Transfer. Boundary-Layer Flow and Turbulence in Mass Transfer. II. SEPARATION PROCESS PRINCIPLES (INCLUDES UNIT OPERATIONS). 8. Evaporation. Introduction. Types of Evaporation Equipment and Operation Methods. Overall Heat-Transfer Coefficients in Evaporators. Calculation Methods for Single-Effect Evaporators. Calculation Methods for Multiple-Effect Evaporators. Condensers for Evaporators. Evaporation of Biological Materials. Evaporation Using Vapor Recompression. 9. Drying of Process Materials. Introduction and Methods of Drying. Equipment for Drying. Vapor Pressure of Water and Humidity. Equilibrium Moisture Content of Materials. Rate-of-Drying Curves. Calculation Methods for Constant-Rate Drying Period. Calculation Methods for Falling-Rate Drying Period. Combined Convection, Radiation, and Conduction Heat Transfer in Constant-Rate Period. Drying in Falling-Rate Period by Diffusion and Capillary Flow. Equations for Various Types of Dryers. Freeze-Drying of Biological Materials. Unsteady-State Thermal Processing and Sterilization of Biological Materials. 10. Stage and Continuous Gas-Liquid Separation Processes. Types of Separation Processes and Methods. Equilibrium Relations Between Phases. Single and Multiple Equilibrium Contact Stages. Mass Transfer Between Phases. Continuous Humidification Processes. Absorption in Plate and Packed Towers. Absorption of Concentrated Mixtures in Packed Towers. Estimation of Mass-Transfer Coefficients for Packed Towers. Heat Effects and Temperature Variations in Absorption. 11. Vapor-Liquid Separation Processes. Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium Relations. Single-Stage Equilibrium Contact for Vapor-Liquid System. Simple Distillation Methods. Distillation with Reflux and McCabe-Thiele Method. Distillation and Absorption Efficiencies for Tray and Packed Towers. Fractional Distillation Using Enthalpy-Concentration Method. Distillation of Multicomponent Mixtures. 12. Liquid-Liquid and Fluid-Solid Separation Processes. Introduction to Adsorption Processes. Batch Adsorption. Design of Fixed-Bed Adsorption Columns. Ion-Exchange Processes. Single-Stage Liquid-Liquid Extraction Processes. Types of Equipment and Design for Liquid-Liquid Extraction. Continuous Multistage Countercurrent Extraction. Introduction and Equipment for Liquid-Solid Leaching. Equilibrium Relations and Single-Stage Leaching. Countercurrent Multistage Leaching. Introduction and Equipment for Crystallization. Crystallization Theory. 13. Membrane Separation Processes. Introduction and Types of Membrane Separation Processes. Liquid Permeation Membrane Processes or Dialysis. Gas Permeation Membrane Processes. Complete-Mixing Model for Gas Separation by Membranes. Complete-Mixing Model for Multicomponent Mixtures. Cross-Flow Model for Gas Separation by Membranes. Derivation of Equations for Countercurrent and Cocurrent Flow for Gas Separation for Membranes. Derivation of Finite-Difference Numerical Method for Asymmetric Membranes. Reverse-Osmosis Membrane Processes. Applications, Equipment, and Models for Reverse Osmosis. Ultrafiltration Membrane Processes. Microfiltration Membrane Processes. 14. Mechanical-Physical Separation Processes. Introduction and Classification of Mechanical-Physical Separation Processes. Filtration in Solid-Liquid Separation. Settling and Sedimentation in Particle-Fluid Separation. Centrifugal Separation Processes. Mechanical Size Reduction. Appendices. Appendix A.1. Fundamental Constants and Conversion Factors. Appendix A.2. Physical Properties of Water. Appendix A.3. Physical Properties of Inorganic and Organic Compounds. Appendix A.4. Physical Properties of Foods and Biological Materials. Appendix A.5. Properties of Pipes, Tubes, and Screens. Notation. Index.

279 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a tubular ice system with a large cooling surface area was shown to be effective as a method for scale-up of progressive freeze-concentration with an increased productivity and a high yield.

166 citations


"Behaviour of Ice Crystal Growth in ..." refers background or methods in this paper

  • ...Hence, separation of ice crystal from the concentrated solution becomes much easier in PFC than SFC [1]....

    [...]

  • ...There are two basic types of freeze concentration which are suspension freeze concentration (SFC) and progressive freeze concentration (PFC) [2]....

    [...]

  • ...33kJ/g water) as compared to the conventional concentration method by evaporation [1]....

    [...]

  • ...In SFC, small size ice crystals are produced in the suspension of mother solution while PFC continuously produces ice crystal layer by layer on a cooled surface until it forms a single and large block of ice....

    [...]

  • ...As PFC offers a simpler separation step, it has been suggested in recent studies to associate the future application of FC more with the progresses in the configuration of PFC system than SFC system....

    [...]

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a binary mixture of water and sucrose has been tested in order to compare with literature results from suspension crystallizers, and the exwrimental results show that one-step layercrystallization has amuch lower separation effect than suspension crystallizer with washcolumns, multistep layer crystallization could provide an economical favourable freeze concentration process.
Abstract: Layer crystallization in laminar falling films has been studied for freeze concentration applications. A binary mixture of water and sucrose has been tested in order to compare with literature results from suspension crystallizers. The concentration of sucrose in ice, which is a measure for loss of solute. were from 0.4 to 26.5% for bulk concenwlions of sucrose of 5 to 40%. respectively. The time averaged ice growth rates varied from 3. l0-7 l0 3-10-6 m/s. The results are related to expressions for maximum ice growth rate developed from the gradient criteria. Also an expression for maximum ice growth rate from irreversible thermodvnamics is oresented. Althoueh the exwrimental results show that one–step layercrystallization has amuch lower separation effect than suspension crystallizers with washcolumns, multistep layer crystallization could provide an economical favourable freeze concentration process. A multistep process that combines freeze concentration and reverse osmosis is proposed. A case ...

84 citations