Bending Toward Justice in Eyewitness Identification Research
01 Sep 2021-Journal of applied research in memory and cognition (Elsevier BV)-Vol. 10, Iss: 3, pp 346-350
About: This article is published in Journal of applied research in memory and cognition.The article was published on 2021-09-01. It has received 1 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Eyewitness identification & Justice (ethics).
Citations
More filters
1 citations
References
More filters
TL;DR: Research shows that this threat dramatically depresses the standardized test performance of women and African Americans who are in the academic vanguard of their groups, that it causes disidentification with school, and that practices that reduce this threat can reduce these negative effects.
Abstract: A general theory of domain identification is used to describe achievement barriers still faced by women in advanced quantitative areas and by African Americans in school. The theory assumes that sustained school success requires identification with school and its subdomains; that societal pressures on these groups (e.g., economic disadvantage, gender roles) can frustrate this identification; and that in school domains where these groups are negatively stereotyped, those who have become domain identified face the further barrier of stereotype threat, the threat that others' judgments or their own actions will negatively stereotype them in the domain. Research shows that this threat dramatically depresses the standardized test performance of women and African Americans who are in the academic vanguard of their groups (offering a new interpretation of group differences in standardized test performance), that it causes disidentification with school, and that practices that reduce this threat can reduce these negative effects.
6,069 citations
TL;DR: In this article, people viewed a security video and tried to identify the gunman from a photospread, but the actual gunman was not in the photosphere and all the eyewitnesses made false identifications.
Abstract: People viewed a security video and tried to identify the gunman from a photospread. The actual gunman was not in the photospread and all eyewitnesses made false identifications (n = 352). Following the identification, witnesses were given confirming feedback (Good, you identified the actual suspect), disconfirming feedback (Actually, the suspect is number ―), or no feedback. The manipulations produced strong effects on the witnesses' retrospective reports of (a) their certainty, (b) the quality of view they had, (c) the clarity of their memory, (d) the speed with which they identified the person, and (e) several other measures. Eyewitnesses who were asked about their certainty prior to the feedback manipulation (Experiment 2) were less influenced, but large effects still emerged on some measures. The magnitude of the effect was as strong for those who denied that the feedback influenced them as it was for those who admitted to the influence.
384 citations
TL;DR: This article explored the quality of drug data in the 1984 wave of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth and found that underreporting of use of illicit drugs other than marijuana appears to have taken place, and that light users of these drugs are underrepresented among the self-acknowledged users.
Abstract: The quality of drug data in the 1984 wave of the Na- tional Longitudinal Survey of Youth is explored. Comparisons with other national surveys indicate that underreporting of use of illicit drugs other than marijuana appears to have taken place, and that light users of these drugs are underrepresented among the self-acknowledged users. Comparison with marijuana use re- ported four years earlier indicates that experimental marijuana users are much less likely than extensive users to acknowledge involvement. Even after controlling for frequency of use, under- reporting is more common among terminal high school dropouts and minorities. Not only individual characteristics but field condi- tions also contribute to underreporting. Familiarity with the inter- viewer, as measured by number of prior interviewing contacts, depresses drug use reporting. We speculate that interviewer familiarity increases salience of normative standards and that par- ticipants respond not only in terms of their past familiarity but also in terms of their subjective expectations regarding the proba- bility of a future encounter with the interviewer.
340 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined how incentives for accuracy (task importance) affected the social influence of inaccurate confederates in a modified Asch situation, and they found that when task difficulty was low, incentive for accuracy reduced the social impact of inaccurate participants.
Abstract: Two studies examined how incentives for accuracy (task importance) affected the social influence of inaccurate confederates in a modified Asch situation (S. E. Asch, 1951). Not unexpectedly, when task difficulty was low, incentives for accuracy reduced the social impact of( inaccurate) confederates (Study 1 ). However, when task difficulty was increased, the reverse was true, with individuals conforming more to an inaccurate confederate norm when incentives for accuracy were high ( Studies 1 and 2). The results are discussed in terms of possible mediating mechanisms and also in terms of their historical and pragmatic implications.
307 citations
TL;DR: Two experiments demonstrate that post-event information, when delivered by another person, can affect people's memory reports and parallels with eyewitness testimony in the Oklahoma bombing case and implications for police interviewing more generally are discussed.
Abstract: Two experiments demonstrate that post-event information, when delivered by another person, can affect people's memory reports. In the first experiment participants were shown several cars, and later, in pairs, given an 'old'/'new' recognition test on these cars plus several lures. There was a small but reliable effect of memory conformity. When the person was given misinformation this lowered accuracy, while presenting accurate information increased accuracy. In the second experiment participants, in pairs, viewed an identical crime except that half saw an accomplice with the thief and half did not. Initial memories were very accurate, but after discussing the crime with the other person in the pair (who saw a slightly different sequence), most pairs conformed. Confidence ratings strongly predicted which person in the pair persuaded the other. Parallels with eyewitness testimony in the Oklahoma bombing case and implications for police interviewing more generally are discussed.
293 citations