Beneficial effects of black yeast derived 1-3, 1-6 Beta Glucan-Nichi Glucan in a dyslipidemic individual of Indian origin--a case report.
TL;DR: In this article, a case where the subject was a nondiabetic, dyslipidemia patient on medication with Rosuvastatin, his triglycerides decreased to a minimum of 220 mg/dL.
Abstract: Dyslipidemia is a major risk factor for the development of cardiovascular diseases and statins are the common drugs used to correct dyslipidemia. Herein, we report a case where the subject was a nondiabetic, dyslipidemia patient on medication with Rosuvastatin. After the intake of Rosuvastatin, his triglycerides decreased to a minimum of 220 mg/dL. In order to augment the action of Rosuvastatin, he was advised to take 1.5 mg of Nichi Glucan food supplement, which is a 1,3-1,6 Beta Glucan derived from the black yeast, Aureobasidium pullulans, daily for 2 months. At the end of 2 months, his triglyceride levels decreased from 523 mg/dL (at start of the study) to 175 mg/dL. His VLDL levels, which were 104.6 mg/dL at the start of the study decreased to 35 mg/dL and the HDL cholesterol levels increased from 27 to 38 mg/dL. This is a first of its kind report on the effect of the black yeast derived 1,3-1,6 Beta Glucans on dyslipidemia not associated with diabetes. Thus supplementation of Nichi Glucan, 1,3- 1,6 Beta Glucan derived from the black yeast along with the routine medications was beneficial to treat dyslipidemia and a larger trial is needed to confirm the effects.
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TL;DR: People with co-morbid conditions who are more prone to COVID-19-related deaths due to immune dysregulation are likely to benefit from consuming nutritional supplements that enhance the immune system, especially through simple means including immune enhancing nutritional supplement consumption.
Abstract: Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has been causing varying severities of illness Some are asymptomatic and some develop severe disease leading to mortality across ages This contrast triggered us explore the causes, with the background that a vaccine for effective immunization or a drug to tackle COVID-19 is not too close to reality We have discussed strategies to combat COVID-19 through immune enhancement, using simple measures including nutritional supplements Discussion: A literature search on mortality-related comorbid conditions was performed For those conditions, we analyzed the pro-inflammatory cytokines, which could cause the draining of the immune reservoir We also analyzed the immune markers necessary for the defense mechanism/immune surveillance against COVID-19, especially through simple means including immune enhancing nutritional supplement consumption, and we suggest strategies to combat COVID-19 Major comorbid conditions associated with increased mortality include cardiovascular disease (CVD), diabetes, being immunocompromised by cancer, and severe kidney disease with a senile immune system Consumption of Aureobasidium pullulans strain (AFO-202) beta 1,3-1,6 glucan supported enhanced IL-8, sFAS macrophage activity, and NK cells' cytotoxicity, which are major defense mechanisms against viral infection Conclusion: People with co-morbid conditions who are more prone to COVID-19-related deaths due to immune dysregulation are likely to benefit from consuming nutritional supplements that enhance the immune system We recommend clinical studies to validate AFO-202 beta glucan in COVID-19 patients to prove its efficacy in overcoming a hyper-inflammation status, thus reducing the mortality, until a definite vaccine is made available
41 citations
Cites background from "Beneficial effects of black yeast d..."
...We herein focus our discussion on a specific beta glucan: a 1-3,1-6 beta glucan from a black yeast called Aureobasidium pullulans AFO-202 strain (42, 43)....
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TL;DR: The dietary habits of female and male students were improperly balanced and characterized by high amount of total and animal protein, phosphorus, vitamin A, cholesterol, and insufficient intake of carbohydrates, dietary fiber, and vitamin C, and it was found that the dietary habits should be modified to prevent the development of diet-dependent diseases.
Abstract: Nutritional habits and physical activity influence the health status of young adults. In this study, we engaged a group of 151 students from a medical university (90 female and 61 male subjects). Anthropometric parameters, dietary habits (a 7-day dietary recall), and level of physical activity were measured. It was found that the daily food rations of female (F) and male (M) students were improperly balanced and characterized by high amount of total and animal protein, phosphorus, vitamin A, cholesterol, and insufficient intake of carbohydrates, dietary fiber, and vitamin C. Female subjects consumed low amounts of total fat and calcium. The intake of protein (total and animal), fat, phosphorus, and cholesterol correlated with higher body mass. The physical activity of the students was found to be higher than the average physical activity of the European Union populations, and a general tendency of lowering level of physical activity with age was observed. Students with the highest level of physical activity (MET > 1500) consumed lower amounts of simple carbohydrates (galactose and saccharose) when compared to students with lower physical activity (MET < 600, p < 0.05). Therefore, this study concluded that the dietary habits should be modified to prevent the development of diet-dependent diseases. Various forms of physical activity should be proposed to students and they should be encouraged to participate in high level of physical activity so as to promote good health status.
33 citations
Cites background from "Beneficial effects of black yeast d..."
..., playing computer games) is associated with unhealthy snacking patterns, including low intake of fruits and vegetables and overconsumption of energy and fat [2, 3]....
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TL;DR: The complexity of COVID-19 such as the potential mutations of the virus leading to antige... as mentioned in this paper has been identified as a major challenge for conventional vaccines to combat COVID19 through different approaches.
Abstract: Conventional vaccines to combat COVID-19 through different approaches are at various stages of development. The complexity of COVID-19 such as the potential mutations of the virus leading to antige...
32 citations
TL;DR: The perspectives on the effect of regular supplementation with the biological response modifier beta glucan based on its relevance to immune modulation are presented, of paramount importance in decreasing the development of severe COVID-19 and reducing mortality against the background of coagulopathy, especially in vulnerable populations.
Abstract: Direct endothelial injury by viruses and dysregulation of clotting mechanisms due to cytokine storm are the major precipitating factors of mortality in COVID-19; both are attributed to a fundamental dysregulation of the immune system. While immune dysregulation can be attributed to several factors, the risk of associated thrombogenic disruption varies across individuals. This variation depends on several factors, such as comorbidities, including diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular diseases. When considering ethnic variations, the vulnerability of Caucasians, African Americans and Hispanics needs to be addressed before arriving at strategies to handle thromboembolic complications, which have been identified in recent reports as the leading causes of mortality in COVID-19. Although evaluation of D-dimer and prothrombin during admission is considered to predict prognosis and mortality, there are no preventive or prophylactic strategies before hospital admission. Herein, we present our perspectives on the effect of regular supplementation with the biological response modifier beta glucan based on its relevance to immune modulation. This effect is of paramount importance in decreasing the development of severe COVID-19 and reducing mortality against the background of coagulopathy, especially in vulnerable populations.
23 citations
TL;DR: In this paper , the authors reviewed the research progress about the extraction, structure and modification, structure-activity relationship, activity and application of fermentum β-polysaccharides, compared the extraction methods and paid special attention to the structureactivity relationship and application.
18 citations
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TL;DR: The role of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRLs) in the evaluation and management of CVD risk was discussed in this article, where the authors highlighted approaches aimed at minimizing the adverse public health-related consequences associated with hypertriglyceridemic states.
Abstract: A long-standing association exists between elevated triglyceride levels and cardiovascular disease* (CVD).1,2 However, the extent to which triglycerides directly promote CVD or represent a biomarker of risk has been debated for 3 decades.3 To this end, 2 National Institutes of Health consensus conferences evaluated the evidentiary role of triglycerides in cardiovascular risk assessment and provided therapeutic recommendations for hypertriglyceridemic states.4,5 Since 1993, additional insights have been made vis-a-vis the atherogenicity of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRLs; ie, chylomicrons and very low-density lipoproteins), genetic and metabolic regulators of triglyceride metabolism, and classification and treatment of hypertriglyceridemia. It is especially disconcerting that in the United States, mean triglyceride levels have risen since 1976, in concert with the growing epidemic of obesity, insulin resistance (IR), and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).6,7 In contrast, mean low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels have receded.7 Therefore, the purpose of this scientific statement is to update clinicians on the increasingly crucial role of triglycerides in the evaluation and management of CVD risk and highlight approaches aimed at minimizing the adverse public health–related consequences associated with hypertriglyceridemic states. This statement will complement recent American Heart Association scientific statements on childhood and adolescent obesity8 and dietary sugar intake9 by emphasizing effective lifestyle strategies designed to lower triglyceride levels and improve overall cardiometabolic health. It is not intended to serve as a specific guideline but will be of value to the Adult Treatment Panel IV (ATP IV) of the National Cholesterol Education Program, from which evidence-based guidelines will ensue. Topics to be addressed include epidemiology and CVD risk, ethnic and racial differences, metabolic determinants, genetic and family determinants, risk factor correlates, and effects related to nutrition, physical activity, and lipid medications.
In the United States, the National Health and …
1,499 citations
TL;DR: Available prospective studies in Western populations consistently indicate moderate and highly significant associations between triglyceride values and coronary heart disease risk, however, further studies are needed to help assess the nature of any independent associations.
Abstract: Background— Many epidemiological studies have reported on associations between serum triglyceride concentrations and the risk of coronary heart disease, but this association has not been reliably quantified. In the present study, we report 2 separate nested case-control comparisons in 2 different prospective, population-based cohorts, plus an updated meta-analysis of 27 additional prospective studies in general Western populations. Methods and Results— Measurements were made in a total of 3582 incident cases of fatal and nonfatal coronary heart disease and 6175 controls selected from among the 44 237 men and women screened in the Reykjavik and the European Prospective Investigation of Cancer (EPIC)-Norfolk studies. Repeat measurements were obtained an average of 4 years apart in 1933 participants in the EPIC-Norfolk Study and an average of 12 years apart in 379 participants in the Reykjavik study. The long-term stability of log-triglyceride values (within-person correlation coefficients of 0.64 [95% CI, 0...
1,360 citations
"Beneficial effects of black yeast d..." refers background in this paper
...In a large Chinese cohort study, elevated VLDL cholesterol was also found to be associated with elevated CVD risk (Ren et al., 2010)....
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...J D ie ta ry S up pl D ow nl oa de d fr om in fo rm ah ea lth ca re .c om b y Fu da n U ni ve rs ity o n 05 /1 1/ 15 Fo r pe rs on al u se o nl y. Statins are the common drugs used in the treatment of dyslipidemia and to reduce the risk of CVDs....
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...Apart from these, decreased HDL levels also represent a CVD risk factor as established by previous studies (Filippatos, & Elisaf, 2013)....
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...A recent scientific statement from the American Heart Association has stated that triglycerides, though not directly atherogenic, is still an important bio-marker of elevated CVD risk (Miller et al., 2011)....
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...Several studies in the literature have reported an association between elevated triglyceride levels and risk of CVD (Austin, Hokanson, & Edwards, 1998; Sarwar et al., 2007)....
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01 Jan 2011
1,252 citations
TL;DR: Three recent prospective epidemiologic studies have shown that plasma triglyceride and low-density lipoprotein particle size predict subsequent coronary artery disease in Caucasian populations, demonstrating the importance of triglyceride levels as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease.
Abstract: To determine the relation between plasma triglyceride levels and the risk of incident cardiovascular disease, the semiquantitative techniques of meta-analysis were applied to 17 population-based prospective studies of triglyceride and cardiovascular disease. Sixteen of these studies represented 2,445 events among 46,413 Caucasian men followed for an average period of 8.4 years, and 5 studies represented 439 events among 10,864 Caucasian women followed for an average period of 11.4 years. Univariate relative risk (RR) estimates for incident cardiovascular disease associated with a 1-mmol/L increase in triglyceride was 1.07-1.98 in men, with a summary RR of 1.32 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.26-1.39), indicating a 32% increase in disease risk associated with increased triglyceride. In the studies involving women, individual RR estimates for triglyceride were 1.69-2.05, with a summary RR of 1.76 (95% CI: 1.50-2.07), indicating a 76% increase in disease risk associated with increased triglyceride. After adjustment for high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and other risk factors, these risks were decreased to 14% in men and 37% in women but remained statistically significant. Three recent prospective epidemiologic studies have also shown that plasma triglyceride and low-density lipoprotein particle size predict subsequent coronary artery disease in Caucasian populations. Taken together, these studies demonstrate the importance of triglyceride levels as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease.
1,077 citations
TL;DR: The role of insulin–related signaling pathways that determine hepatic VLDL production are summarized and a number of pathways are altered that further augment V LDL hypersecretion, including hepatic inflammatory pathways.
Abstract: Insulin plays a central role in regulating energy metabolism, including hepatic transport of very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL)-associated triglyceride. Hepatic hypersecretion of VLDL and consequent hypertriglyceridemia leads to lower circulating high-density lipoprotein levels and generation of small dense low-density lipoproteins characteristic of the dyslipidemia commonly observed in metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Physiological fluctuations of insulin modulate VLDL secretion, and insulin inhibition of VLDL secretion upon feeding may be the first pathway to become resistant in obesity that leads to VLDL hypersecretion. This review summarizes the role of insulin-related signaling pathways that determine hepatic VLDL production. Disruption in signaling pathways that reduce generation of the second messenger phosphatidylinositide (3,4,5) triphosphate downstream of activated phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase underlies the development of VLDL hypersecretion. As insulin resistance progresses, a number of pathways are altered that further augment VLDL hypersecretion, including hepatic inflammatory pathways. Insulin plays a complex role in regulating glucose metabolism, and it is not surprising that the role of insulin in VLDL and lipid metabolism will prove equally complex.
181 citations