Benefits of aged garlic extract in modulating toxicity biomarkers against p-dimethylaminoazobenzene and phenobarbital induced liver damage in Rattus norvegicus.
TL;DR: Daily administration of aged garlic extract could favorably modulate the elevated levels of various toxicity biomarkers including serum triglyceride, creatinine, urea, bilirubin, blood urea nitrogen except total cholesterol, indicating its protective potential against hepatotoxicity and oxidative stress in the experimental rats.
Abstract: Garlic (Allium sativum L), a popular spice, has been used for decades in treating several medical conditions Although Allicin, an active ingredient of garlic has been extensively studied on carci
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TL;DR: The present review provides a comprehensive and collective update on the potential of 65 commonly used spices as well as their bioactive constituents as anticancer agents.
Abstract: Nature is a rich source of natural drug-like compounds with minimal side effects. Phytochemicals better known as "Natural Products" are found abundantly in a number of plants. Since time immemorial, spices have been widely used in Indian cuisine as flavoring and coloring agents. Most of these spices and condiments are derived from various biodiversity hotspots in India (which contribute 75% of global spice production) and form the crux of India's multidiverse and multicultural cuisine. Apart from their aroma, flavor and taste, these spices and condiments are known to possess several medicinal properties also. Most of these spices are mentioned in the Ayurveda, the indigenous system of medicine. The antimicrobial, antioxidant, antiproliferative, antihypertensive and antidiabetic properties of several of these natural products are well documented in Ayurveda. These phytoconstituemts are known to act as functional immunoboosters, immunomodulators as well as anti-inflammatory agents. As anticancer agents, their mechanistic action involves cancer cell death via induction of apoptosis, necrosis and autophagy. The present review provides a comprehensive and collective update on the potential of 66 commonly used spices as well as their bioactive constituents as anticancer agents. The review also provides an in-depth update of all major in vitro, in vivo, clinical and pharmacological studies done on these spices with special emphasis on the potential of these spices and their bioactive constituents as potential functional foods for prevention, treatment and management of cancer.
24 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the potential protective effect of allicin against cyclophosphamide (CP)-mediated hepatotoxicity in rats was distinguished, and four experimental groups were used, with 7 rats per group.
Abstract: Treatment with anti-neoplastic agents, including cyclophosphamide (CP), is associated with several adverse reactions. Here, we distinguished the potential protective effect of allicin against CP-mediated hepatotoxicity in rats. To assess the effect of allicin, four experimental groups were used, with 7 rats per group, including control, allicin (10 mg/kg), CP (200 mg/kg), and allicin + CP-treated groups. All groups were treated for 10 days. Blood and liver samples were collected for biochemical, molecular, and histological analyses. Treatment with CP led to deformations in the liver tissue that were associated with higher liver function markers (alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, and alkaline phosphatase). Additionally, a disturbance in the redox balance was observed after CP exposure, as indicated by increased levels of oxidants, including malondialdehyde and nitric oxide, and the decreased levels of endogenous antioxidants, including glutathione, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, superoxide dismutase, and catalase. At the molecular level, CP treatment resulted in reduced expression of the Nrf2/ARE pathway and other genes related to this pathway, including NAD(P)H quinone dehydrogenase 1 and glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit. CP also led to a hyper-inflammatory response in hepatic tissue, with increased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interlukin-1beta, and upregulation of nitric oxide synthase 2. CP also enhanced the immunoreactivity of the profibrogenic cytokine, transforming growth factor-beta, in liver tissue. Upregulation of caspase 3 and Bcl-2-associated X protein and downregulation of B-cell lymphoma 2 were also observed in response to CP treatment. Treatment with allicin reversed the molecular, biochemical, and histological changes that occurred with CP exposure. These results suggest that allicin can be used in combination with CP to avoid hepatotoxicity.
13 citations
TL;DR: In this article, Garlic extract was encapsulated into the matrices of two types of multilayer walls composed of whey protein isolate (WPI)/chitosan (CH)/polydextrose (POL) and gum Arabic (GA)/CH/POL powders.
7 citations
TL;DR: It is suggested that AGE may be used to decrease or prevent the side effects of ethephon exposure in kidneys, through the activation of Nrf2 and inhibition of inflammation and apoptotic response.
Abstract: Ethephon is an organophosphorus plant growth regulator used to accelerate the ripening process and decrease the duration of cultivation. Here, the potential protective role of aged garlic extract (AGE) was investigated against ethephon-mediated nephrotoxicity. Four experimental groups were established (n = 15), including control, AGE (250 mg/kg), ethephon (200 mg/kg), and AGE + ethephon. In the current work, kidney function parameters (urea, creatinine, and KIM-1) along with oxidative stress biomarkers, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), heme oxygenase-1, glutathione, and its related enzymes, superoxide dismutase, catalase, malondialdehyde, and nitric oxide, were determined. The expression of inflammatory mediators namely tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin 1 beta, nuclear factor kappa B, and apoptotic markers (caspase 3, Bax, and Bcl2) were determined in the renal tissue. Additionally, the histopathological alterations in response to treatments were examined. Ethephon exposure increased the levels of kidney function markers along with relative kidney weight coupled with histological changes in the kidney tissue. Additionally, ethephon increased the levels of the tested pro-oxidant markers and decreased the antioxidant indices, resulting in oxidative damage to renal tissues. An elevation in the pro-inflammatory mediators was also recorded following ethephon intoxication. Furthermore, renal cell loss was observed through histological examinations and biochemical measurements upon ethephon administration. On the other hand, AGE significantly ameliorated the molecular, biochemical, and structural changes elicited by ethephon. These findings suggest that AGE may be used to decrease or prevent the side effects of ethephon exposure in kidneys, through the activation of Nrf2 and inhibition of inflammation and apoptotic response.
6 citations
Cites background from "Benefits of aged garlic extract in ..."
...2017), hepatotoxicity (Pathak et al. 2018), renal injury (Lee et al....
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01 Jan 2020
TL;DR: The safety of AGE is suggested for achieving a better control in treatment of RA with the conventional drug MTX to diminish its hepatotoxicity.
Abstract: Aged garlic extract (AGE) exhibit anti-inflammatory effect in many diseases, and methotrexate (MTX) as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) treatment drug shows adverse hepatotoxicity effect. Therefore, in this study, we evaluated the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of AGE treatment alone or with MTX in collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) rats to diminish the hepatotoxicity. The study used eight groups of rats as one control non treated group and seven treated groups with CIA, AGE (200 mg/kg/PO), MTX (1.5 mg/kg/2 days/subcutaneous), CIA-AGE, CIA-MTX, AGE-MTX and CIA-MTX-AGE. All treatments started from day 21 after the symptoms of arthritis appeared to day 50. The CIA-AGE and CIA-MTX-AGE groups showed significantly decreased serum liver function markers ASAT, ALAT and ALP enzymes activities. In line with the significantly increased antioxidants, total glutathione and SOD and CAT enzymes activities and decreased MDA levels as compared to CIA and CIA-MTX treated groups' values. In addition, the CIA-AGE and CIA-MTX-AGE groups recorded significant decrease in the measured cytokines (CRP and TNF) and interleukins (IL-17, IL-6, and IL-1) values as compared to the corresponding values in CIA and CIA-MTX groups. Results suggested the safety of AGE for achieving a better control in treatment of RA with the conventional drug MTX to diminish its hepatotoxicity.
4 citations
References
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Journal Article•
TL;DR: Procedures are described for measuring protein in solution or after precipitation with acids or other agents, and for the determination of as little as 0.2 gamma of protein.
289,852 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1963
TL;DR: Methods of enzymatic analysis, Methods of enzymes analysis, the authors, Methods of enzyme analysis, enzymatics, methods of enzymes, and methods of analysis, method of enzymes.
Abstract: Methods of enzymatic analysis , Methods of enzymatic analysis , مرکز فناوری اطلاعات و اطلاع رسانی کشاورزی
18,100 citations
TL;DR: Two methods are described for the catalase assay by disappearance of peroxide are: ultraviolet spectrophotometry and permanganate titration and indirect measurements of the decrease of light absorption caused by the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide byCatalase.
Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the assay of catalases and peroxidases are: (1) catalase assay by disappearance of peroxide; (2) method for crude cell extracts; (3) direct spectrophotometric assay of catalase and peroxidase in cells and tissues; and (4) peroxidase assay by spectrophotometric measurements of the disappearance of hydrogen donor or the appearance of their colored oxidation products. Two methods are described for the catalase assay by disappearance of peroxide are: ultraviolet spectrophotometry and permanganate titration. Ultraviolet spectrophotometryis a method devised, on the basis of the absorption curves for peroxide solutions, for determining the activity of catalase by direct measurements of the decrease of light absorption in the region 230 to 250 mμ caused by the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide by catalase. In the case of method for crude cell extracts, oxygen evolution caused by the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide is measured with the conventional manometric technique. Peroxidase assay by spectrophotometric measurements of the disappearance of hydrogen donor or the appearance of their colored oxidation products includes the guaiacol test and the pyrogallol test.
3,917 citations
TL;DR: Combinations of reagents are described for the catalyzed indophenol reaction for the determination of ammonia, which produces a stable blue color, and the procedure is adapted to thedetermination of urea after hydrolysis with urease.
Abstract: Combinations of reagents are described for the catalyzed indophenol reaction for the determination of ammonia, which produces a stable blue color. The procedure is adapted to the determination of urea after hydrolysis with urease.
3,453 citations
"Benefits of aged garlic extract in ..." refers methods in this paper
...Serum Urea and BUN levels were determined by the modified Berthelot method (Chaney and Marbach 1962)....
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...…was measured at 550 nm and the total cholesterol levels were calculated using the formula below: Total Cholesterol concentration (mg/dl)¼ (Absorbance of test divided by Absorbance of Standard) 200 Serum Urea and BUN levels were determined by the modified Berthelot method (Chaney and Marbach 1962)....
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Journal Article•
1,961 citations