Benefits of regular aerobic exercise for executive functioning in healthy populations
Hayley Guiney,Liana Machado +1 more
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TLDR
Examination of exercise-related benefits for specific components of executive functioning in young adults and children indicates that regular engagement in aerobic exercise can provide a simple means for healthy people to optimize a range of executive functions.Abstract:
Research suggests that regular aerobic exercise has the potential to improve executive functioning, even in healthy populations. The purpose of this review is to elucidate which components of executive functioning benefit from such exercise in healthy populations. In light of the developmental time course of executive functions, we consider separately children, young adults, and older adults. Data to date from studies of aging provide strong evidence of exercise-linked benefits related to task switching, selective attention, inhibition of prepotent responses, and working memory capacity; furthermore, cross-sectional fitness data suggest that working memory updating could potentially benefit as well. In young adults, working memory updating is the main executive function shown to benefit from regular exercise, but cross-sectional data further suggest that task-switching and post error performance may also benefit. In children, working memory capacity has been shown to benefit, and cross-sectional data suggest potential benefits for selective attention and inhibitory control. Although more research investigating exercise-related benefits for specific components of executive functioning is clearly needed in young adults and children, when considered across the age groups, ample evidence indicates that regular engagement in aerobic exercise can provide a simple means for healthy people to optimize a range of executive functions.read more
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Bridging animal and human models of exercise-induced brain plasticity.
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TL;DR: Physical activity appears to be a propitious method for influencing gray matter volume in late adulthood, but additional well-controlled studies are necessary to inform public policies about the potential protective or therapeutic effects of exercise on brain volume.
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The impact of exercise on the cognitive functioning of healthy older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Michelle E. Kelly,David G. Loughrey,Brian A. Lawlor,Ian H. Robertson,Cathal Walsh,Sabina Brennan +5 more
TL;DR: Results should be interpreted with caution however as differences in participant profiles, study design, exercise programmes, adherence rates, and outcome measures contribute to both discrepancies within the exercise research literature and inconsistent results across trials.
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Cardiorespiratory fitness and the flexible modulation of cognitive control in preadolescent children
Matthew B. Pontifex,Lauren B. Raine,Christopher R. Johnson,Laura Chaddock,Michelle W. Voss,Neal J. Cohen,Arthur F. Kramer,Charles H. Hillman +7 more
TL;DR: Lower-fit children may have more difficulty than higher-fitChildren in the flexible modulation of cognitive control processes to meet task demands.
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Bilingualism and cognition
TL;DR: This paper found that bilingualism is inconsistently correlated with superior executive function and delayed onset of dementia, and all speakers (mono- or bilingual) have non-linguistic ways of improving executive function; and benefits from bilingualism - and all cognitively challenging activities - are inconsistent because individuals vary in the number and kinds of experiences they have that promote superiorexecutive function.
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