Beyond batteries: an examination of the benefits and barriers to plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) and a vehicle-to-grid (V2G) transition

doi:10.1016/J.ENPOL.2008.10.005

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Beyond batteries: an examination of the benefits and barriers to plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) and a vehicle-to-grid (V2G) transition

Journal Article•DOI•

Beyond batteries: an examination of the benefits and barriers to plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) and a vehicle-to-grid (V2G) transition

Benjamin K. Sovacool¹, Richard F. Hirsh²•Institutions (2)

National University of Singapore¹, Virginia Tech²

01 Mar 2009-Energy Policy (Elsevier)-Vol. 37, Iss: 3, pp 1095-1103

TL;DR: In this article, the authors explore both the promise and the possible pitfalls of the plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV) and vehicle-to-grid (V2G) concept, focusing first on its definition and then on its technical state-of-the-art.

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About: This article is published in Energy Policy.The article was published on 2009-03-01. It has received 551 citations till now.

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Journal Article•DOI•

Providing all global energy with wind, water, and solar power, Part I: Technologies, energy resources, quantities and areas of infrastructure, and materials

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Mark Z. Jacobson¹, Mark A. Delucchi²•Institutions (2)

Stanford University¹, University of California, Davis²

01 Mar 2011-Energy Policy

TL;DR: In this paper, the feasibility of providing worldwide energy for all purposes (electric power, transportation, heating/cooling, etc.) from wind, water, and sunlight (WWS) was analyzed.

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1,299 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Barriers to widespread adoption of electric vehicles: An analysis of consumer attitudes and perceptions

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Ona Egbue¹, Suzanna Long¹•Institutions (1)

Missouri University of Science and Technology¹

01 Sep 2012-Energy Policy

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors identify potential socio-technical barriers to consumer adoption of EVs and determine if sustainability issues influence consumer decision to purchase an EV, and provide valuable insights into preferences and perceptions of technology enthusiasts; individuals highly connected to technology development and better equipped to sort out the many differences between EVs and CVs.

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1,207 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

The influence of financial incentives and other socio-economic factors on electric vehicle adoption

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William Sierzchula¹, Sjoerd Bakker¹, Kees Maat¹, Bert van Wee¹•Institutions (1)

Delft University of Technology¹

01 May 2014-Energy Policy

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the relationship between financial incentives, charging infrastructure, and local presence of production facilities to determine the relationship of one such policy instrument (consumer financial incentives) to electric vehicle adoption.

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895 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Review of the Impact of Vehicle-to-Grid Technologies on Distribution Systems and Utility Interfaces

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Murat Yilmaz¹, Philip T. Krein¹•Institutions (1)

University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign¹

01 Jan 2013-IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics

TL;DR: In this article, the authors review the current status and implementation impact of V2G/grid-to-vehicle (G2V) technologies on distributed systems, requirements, benefits, challenges, and strategies for VUE interfaces of both individual vehicles and fleets.

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Abstract: Plug-in vehicles can behave either as loads or as a distributed energy and power resource in a concept known as vehicle-to-grid (V2G) connection. This paper reviews the current status and implementation impact of V2G/grid-to-vehicle (G2V) technologies on distributed systems, requirements, benefits, challenges, and strategies for V2G interfaces of both individual vehicles and fleets. The V2G concept can improve the performance of the electricity grid in areas such as efficiency, stability, and reliability. A V2G-capable vehicle offers reactive power support, active power regulation, tracking of variable renewable energy sources, load balancing, and current harmonic filtering. These technologies can enable ancillary services, such as voltage and frequency control and spinning reserve. Costs of V2G include battery degradation, the need for intensive communication between the vehicles and the grid, effects on grid distribution equipment, infrastructure changes, and social, political, cultural, and technical obstacles. Although V2G operation can reduce the lifetime of vehicle batteries, it is projected to become economical for vehicle owners and grid operators. Components and unidirectional/bidirectional power flow technologies of V2G systems, individual and aggregated structures, and charging/recharging frequency and strategies (uncoordinated/coordinated smart) are addressed. Three elements are required for successful V2G operation: power connection to the grid, control and communication between vehicles and the grid operator, and on-board/off-board intelligent metering. Success of the V2G concept depends on standardization of requirements and infrastructure decisions, battery technology, and efficient and smart scheduling of limited fast-charge infrastructure. A charging/discharging infrastructure must be deployed. Economic benefits of V2G technologies depend on vehicle aggregation and charging/recharging frequency and strategies. The benefits will receive increased attention from grid operators and vehicle owners in the future.

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788 citations

Cites background or result from "Beyond batteries: an examination of..."

...cles, and cost compared to conventional internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles [4], based on moderate expectations, by 2020 up to 35% of the total vehicles in the U....
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...posal [4], [147], but this conflicts with results from the existing lead-acid battery market, which dwarfs that of vehicles, and...
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Journal Article•DOI•

Advances in consumer electric vehicle adoption research: A review and research agenda

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Zeinab Rezvani¹, Johan Jansson¹, Jan Bodin¹•Institutions (1)

Umeå University¹

01 Jan 2015-Transportation Research Part D-transport and Environment

TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a comprehensive overview of the drivers for and barriers against consumer adoption of plug-in EVs, as well as an overview of theoretical perspectives that have been utilized for understanding consumer intentions and adoption behavior towards EVs, identifying gaps and limitations in existing research and suggest areas in which future research would be able to contribute.

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Abstract: In spite of the purported positive environmental consequences of electrifying the light duty vehicle fleet, the number of electric vehicles (EVs) in use is still insignificant. One reason for the modest adoption figures is that the mass acceptance of EVs to a large extent is reliant on consumers’ perception of EVs. This paper presents a comprehensive overview of the drivers for and barriers against consumer adoption of plug-in EVs, as well as an overview of the theoretical perspectives that have been utilized for understanding consumer intentions and adoption behavior towards EVs. In addition, we identify gaps and limitations in existing research and suggest areas in which future research would be able to contribute.

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788 citations

Cites background from "Beyond batteries: an examination of..."

...Some studies assert that consumers lack the basic knowledge of calculating the real costs of ICE cars and payback time of EVs (Caperello and Kurani, 2011; Sovacool and Hirsh, 2009; Lane and Potter, 2007)....
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...Moreover, consumer understanding of conventional vehicle (i.e., ICE) costs of ownership and driving compared to EV costs has been suggested as an important factor affecting attitude and intentions (Lane and Potter, 2007; Sovacool and Hirsh, 2009)....
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...…mainland European countries’ regulations and especially fuel prices are mostly in-line with reducing emissions of the transportation sector, environmental regulations and fuel prices are often found to be a barrier of EV adoption in the USA and China (Sovacool and Hirsh, 2009; Zhang et al., 2011)....
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...The anxiety is a result of a perceived limited driving range of electric batteries versus the perceived range needed in daily car use, charging time of batteries and lack of infrastructure of charging stations compared to fossil fuel stations (Sovacool and Hirsh, 2009)....
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...Whereas the high front cost of EVs is often found to be a barrier to adoption, the lower operational costs encourage EV adoption (Caperello and Kurani, 2011; Graham-Rowe et al., 2012; Sovacool and Hirsh, 2009; Egbue and Long, 2012; Jensen et al., 2013; Lieven et al., 2011; Zhang et al., 2011)....
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References

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Journal Article•DOI•

Vehicle-to-grid power fundamentals: Calculating capacity and net revenue

[...]

Willett Kempton¹, Jasna Tomić¹•Institutions (1)

University of Delaware¹

01 Jun 2005-Journal of Power Sources

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors defined the three vehicle types that can produce V2G power and the power markets they can sell into, and developed equations to calculate the capacity for grid power from three types of electric drive vehicles.

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2,128 citations

"Beyond batteries: an examination of..." refers background in this paper

...V2G PHEVs could also offset the need for spinning reserves and load management necessary to integrate these intermittent resources (and others, such as solar photovoltaics) into the grid (Kempton and Tomic, 2005)....
[...]

Journal Article•DOI•

Using fleets of electric-drive vehicles for grid support

[...]

Jasna Tomić¹, Willett Kempton¹•Institutions (1)

University of Delaware¹

01 Jun 2007-Journal of Power Sources

TL;DR: In this article, the economic potential of two utility-owned fleets of battery-electric vehicles to provide power for a specific electricity market, regulation, in four US regional regulation services markets was evaluated.

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1,042 citations

"Beyond batteries: an examination of..." refers background in this paper

...…only 4 to 5 percent of the day, and at least 90 percent of personal vehicles sit unused (in parking lots or garages) even during peak traffic hours (Tomic and Kempton, 2007), the size of a possible PHEV V2G resource can be quite large: placing just a 15 kW battery in each of the existing 191…...
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...Follow Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3445373 up business studies have projected additional annual revenue for V2G ancillary services at between $3,777 and $4,000 per vehicle (Kempton, 2005; Tomic and Kempton, 2007)....
[...]
...Vehicles must possess three elements to operate in V2G configuration: a power connection to the electricity grid, a control and/or communication device that allows the grid operators access to the battery, and precision metering on board the vehicle to track energy flows (Tomic and Kempton, 2007)....
[...]
...…generators—supplements to utility power plants—that provide valuable generation capacity at peak times (i.e., during the parts of the day when electricity is most expensive) along with important ancillary services (Tomic and Kempton, 2007; Turton and Moura, 2008; Sedano and Brown, 2004)....
[...]

Journal Article•DOI•

Integration of renewable energy into the transport and electricity sectors through V2G

[...]

Henrik Lund¹, Willett Kempton²•Institutions (2)

Aalborg University¹, University of Delaware²

01 Sep 2008-Energy Policy

TL;DR: In this paper, two national energy systems are modelled, one for Denmark, including combined heat and power (CHP) and the other a similarly sized country without CHP (the latter being more typical of other industrialized countries).

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983 citations

"Beyond batteries: an examination of..." refers background in this paper

...…copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3445373 they produce is a valuable commodity; expertise is centered on electrochemistry and power electronics; and consumers are seen as valuing fuel economy and the additional revenue to come from V2G operations (Kempton, 2005; Lund and Kempton, 2008)....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Life cycle assessment of greenhouse gas emissions from plug-in hybrid vehicles: implications for policy.

[...]

Constantine Samaras¹, Kyle W Meisterling¹•Institutions (1)

Carnegie Mellon University¹

05 Apr 2008-Environmental Science & Technology

TL;DR: Life cycle GHG emissions from PHEVs are assessed and it is found that they reduceGHG emissions by 32% compared to conventional vehicles, but have small reductions compared to traditional hybrids.

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Abstract: Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs), which use electricity from the grid to power a portion of travel, could play a role in reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the transport sector. However, meaningful GHG emissions reductions with PHEVs are conditional on low-carbon electricity sources. We assess life cycle GHG emissions from PHEVs and find that they reduce GHG emissions by 32% compared to conventional vehicles, but have small reductions compared to traditional hybrids. Batteries are an important component of PHEVs, and GHGs associated with lithium-ion battery materials and production account for 2–5% of life cycle emissions from PHEVs. We consider cellulosic ethanol use and various carbon intensities of electricity. The reduced liquid fuel requirements of PHEVs could leverage limited cellulosic ethanol resources. Electricity generation infrastructure is long-lived, and technology decisions within the next decade about electricity supplies in the power sector will affect the potential for l...

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650 citations

Impacts Assessment of Plug-in Hybrid Vehicles on Electric Utilities and Regional US Power Grids: Part 1: Technical Analysis

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Michael Cw Kintner-Meyer, Kevin P. Schneider, Robert G. Pratt

31 Jan 2007

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors estimated the regional percentages of the energy requirements for the U.S. light duty vehicle stock that could be supported by the existing grid, based on 12 NERC regions.

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Abstract: This initial paper estimates the regional percentages of the energy requirements for the U.S. light duty vehicle stock that could be supported by the existing grid, based on 12 NERC regions. This paper also discusses the impact of overall emissions of criteria gases and greenhouse gases as a result of shifting emission from millions of tailpipes to a relatively few power plants. The paper concludes with an outlook of the technology requirements necessary to manage the additional and potentially sizable new load to maintain grid reliability.

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526 citations

"Beyond batteries: an examination of..." refers background in this paper

...Confirming this point, one study (from the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory) estimates that for the nation as a whole, shifting roughly half the vehicles on the road in 2007 to PHEVs would have reduced total greenhouse gas emissions by 27 percent (Kintner-Meyer, Schneider, and Pratt, 2007)....
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...The numbers quickly add up: a transition to a V2G strategy has the potential to displace 6.5 million barrels of oil equivalent per day, or more than 50 percent of the nation’s entire oil imports (Kintner-Meyer, Schneider, and Pratt 2007)....
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...Consequently, utility companies would earn extra revenues during these periods (Kintner-Meyer, Schneider, and Pratt, 2007)....
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