Beyond batteries: an examination of the benefits and barriers to plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) and a vehicle-to-grid (V2G) transition
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Cites background or result from "Beyond batteries: an examination of..."
...cles, and cost compared to conventional internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles [4], based on moderate expectations, by 2020 up to 35% of the total vehicles in the U....
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...posal [4], [147], but this conflicts with results from the existing lead-acid battery market, which dwarfs that of vehicles, and...
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788 citations
Cites background from "Beyond batteries: an examination of..."
...Some studies assert that consumers lack the basic knowledge of calculating the real costs of ICE cars and payback time of EVs (Caperello and Kurani, 2011; Sovacool and Hirsh, 2009; Lane and Potter, 2007)....
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...Moreover, consumer understanding of conventional vehicle (i.e., ICE) costs of ownership and driving compared to EV costs has been suggested as an important factor affecting attitude and intentions (Lane and Potter, 2007; Sovacool and Hirsh, 2009)....
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...…mainland European countries’ regulations and especially fuel prices are mostly in-line with reducing emissions of the transportation sector, environmental regulations and fuel prices are often found to be a barrier of EV adoption in the USA and China (Sovacool and Hirsh, 2009; Zhang et al., 2011)....
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...The anxiety is a result of a perceived limited driving range of electric batteries versus the perceived range needed in daily car use, charging time of batteries and lack of infrastructure of charging stations compared to fossil fuel stations (Sovacool and Hirsh, 2009)....
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...Whereas the high front cost of EVs is often found to be a barrier to adoption, the lower operational costs encourage EV adoption (Caperello and Kurani, 2011; Graham-Rowe et al., 2012; Sovacool and Hirsh, 2009; Egbue and Long, 2012; Jensen et al., 2013; Lieven et al., 2011; Zhang et al., 2011)....
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References
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"Beyond batteries: an examination of..." refers background in this paper
...V2G PHEVs could also offset the need for spinning reserves and load management necessary to integrate these intermittent resources (and others, such as solar photovoltaics) into the grid (Kempton and Tomic, 2005)....
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1,042 citations
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...…only 4 to 5 percent of the day, and at least 90 percent of personal vehicles sit unused (in parking lots or garages) even during peak traffic hours (Tomic and Kempton, 2007), the size of a possible PHEV V2G resource can be quite large: placing just a 15 kW battery in each of the existing 191…...
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...Follow Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3445373 up business studies have projected additional annual revenue for V2G ancillary services at between $3,777 and $4,000 per vehicle (Kempton, 2005; Tomic and Kempton, 2007)....
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...Vehicles must possess three elements to operate in V2G configuration: a power connection to the electricity grid, a control and/or communication device that allows the grid operators access to the battery, and precision metering on board the vehicle to track energy flows (Tomic and Kempton, 2007)....
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...…generators—supplements to utility power plants—that provide valuable generation capacity at peak times (i.e., during the parts of the day when electricity is most expensive) along with important ancillary services (Tomic and Kempton, 2007; Turton and Moura, 2008; Sedano and Brown, 2004)....
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983 citations
"Beyond batteries: an examination of..." refers background in this paper
...…copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3445373 they produce is a valuable commodity; expertise is centered on electrochemistry and power electronics; and consumers are seen as valuing fuel economy and the additional revenue to come from V2G operations (Kempton, 2005; Lund and Kempton, 2008)....
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...Confirming this point, one study (from the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory) estimates that for the nation as a whole, shifting roughly half the vehicles on the road in 2007 to PHEVs would have reduced total greenhouse gas emissions by 27 percent (Kintner-Meyer, Schneider, and Pratt, 2007)....
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...The numbers quickly add up: a transition to a V2G strategy has the potential to displace 6.5 million barrels of oil equivalent per day, or more than 50 percent of the nation’s entire oil imports (Kintner-Meyer, Schneider, and Pratt 2007)....
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...Consequently, utility companies would earn extra revenues during these periods (Kintner-Meyer, Schneider, and Pratt, 2007)....
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