Biaxial elastic modulus of metallic films determined from vibrating circular membranes
TL;DR: In this paper, the biaxial modulus of free-standing metallic films was determined from their behavior as elastically tensioned membranes, and errors due to thickness determination and warping of the films were eliminated, thereby opening up the possibility of solving a number of controversial issues.
Abstract: The biaxial moduli of free‐standing metallic films have been determined from their behavior as elastically tensioned membranes. Errors due to thickness determination and warping of the films are eliminated, thereby opening up the possibility of solving a number of controversial issues. The method combines the determination of stress from the frequency of the membrane modes with optical measurements of strain. Tests on Ta and Ni films yield values of the biaxial modulus in good agreement with calculated literature data.
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TL;DR: In this article, the variation of stress with respect to temperature in ZnO films, prepared by r.f. magnetron sputtering on Si and GaAs substrates, has been studied by using a bending beam technique.
54 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, it was shown that slight changes in structural properties are correlated with relatively large elastic anomalies, and that these correlations can be used to address issues regarding the possible origins of the effect and their theoretical basis.
Abstract: The presence and origin of elastic anomalies in superlattices, interfaces, composites, and nanocrystalline materials has been a subject of much interest and controversy in recent years. In particular, superlattices are being used as model systems to study the effect of interfaces on the mechanical properties of novel materials. Early claims of anomalously large enhancements of the biaxial and flexural moduli of Au/Ni and Cu/Ni superlattices (“supermodulus effect”) created considerable controversy and contradictory reports in the experimental and theoretical literature. To understand the mechanical properties of superlattices and their implication for other types of nanofabricated materials, it is important to look critically at the field. Superlattices have been fabricated in different laboratories by a variety of preparation methods and have been characterized structurally and elastically to various degrees. Because of this, before addressing any sophisticated theoretical issues regarding elastic anomalies, it is important to understand in detail the experimental techniques and the possible pitfalls in the experimental determination of mechanical properties of thin films. Once the presence or absence of the effect is ascertained, the need arises to understand any possible experimental correlations with other structural and/or physical properties. These correlations can be used to address issues regarding the possible origins of the effect and their theoretical basis. It will be apparent from this article that slight changes in structural properties are correlated with relatively large elastic anomalies. Consequently, this points to the importance of precise, comprehensive, and detailed structural characterization. With our present understanding of the physics of superlattices, qualitative studies are no longer sufficient!
41 citations
01 Jan 1993
38 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the presence of an enhanced hardness was found as a behavior parallel to the supermodulus effect in Au/Ni multilayer structures, and a microindenter was used to measure load as a function of indentation depth.
26 citations
TL;DR: In this article, two limits for modeling vibrating thin thin films, viz as a plate or as a membrane, are discussed and the sources of experimental uncertanties are identified and the advantages of using films which can be modeled as membranes are explained.
Abstract: The two limits for modeling vibrating thin films, viz as a plate or as a membrane, are discussed. In terms of these limits the sources of experimental uncertanties are identified and the advantages of using films which can be modeled as membranes are explained. The mathematical formalism for treating films as vibrating membranes is developed and relations for self‐consistency checks are presented. The drive mechanisms used to generate vibrations in the films are also discussed.
18 citations
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Book•
01 Jan 1928
TL;DR: In this article, the Probleme dynamique and Vibration were used for propagation of ondes reference records created on 2004-09-07, modified on 2016-08-08.
Abstract: Keywords: Probleme dynamique ; Vibration ; Propagation des ondes Reference Record created on 2004-09-07, modified on 2016-08-08
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1,814 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1966
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a survey of the properties of inorganic compounds and their properties in general physics, including properties of solutions, properties of chemical bonds, and properties of nuclei.
Abstract: 1. Units and Fundamental Constants: 1.1 Units. 1.2 Fundamental physical constants. 2. General Physics: 2.1 Measurements of mass, pressure and other mechanical quantities. 2.2 Mechanical properties of materials. 2.3 Temperature and heat. 2.4 Acoustics. 2.5 Radiation and optics. 2.6 Electricity and magnetism. 2.7 Astronomy and geophysics. 3. Chemistry: 3.1 The elements. 3.2 Properties of inorganic compounds. 3.3 Properties of organic compounds. 3.4 Vapour pressures. 3.5 Critical constants and second virial coefficients of gases. 3.6 Properties of solutions. 3.7 Properties of chemical bonds. 3.8 Molecular spectroscopy. 3.9 Electrochemistry. 3.10 Chemical thermodynamics. 3.11 Miscellaneous data 4. Atomic and Nuclear Physics: 4.1 Electrons in atoms. 4.2 Absorption of photons. 4.3 Work function. 4.4 Free electron and ions in gases. 4.5 Absorption of particles and dosimetry. 4.6 Radioactive elements. 4.7 Nuclear fission and fusion and neutron interactions. 4.8 Nuclei and particles. 5. Miscellaneous engineering data. 6. Statistical methods for the treatment of experimental data. 7. Laboratory safety. 8. Introduction to quality assurance in measurement. Index.
1,288 citations