Bio-energy recovery from high-solid organic substrates by dry anaerobic bio-conversion processes: a review.
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Cites background from "Bio-energy recovery from high-solid..."
...By increasing the TS content, dry fermentation processes can be operated at a high OLR with little water addition, which offers advantages such as smaller reactor volume, easy handling of the digestate residues and technical simplicity [136,265]....
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...Anaerobic reactors are generally categorized into wet (<10% TS), semi-dry (10–20% TS) and dry (>20% TS) processes [265]....
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535 citations
Cites background from "Bio-energy recovery from high-solid..."
...…AD is classified into three important groups based on their operating total solids (TS) contents namely; liquid (L-AD), semi-solid (S-AD), and solid-state (SS-AD) with respective TS concentrations of less than 10%, 10-20% and more than 20% (Karthikeyan and Visvanathan, 2012; Cui et al., 2011)....
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...…are lower reactor volumes, higher organic loading rates (OLRs), less water for dilution, less mixing requirement, no floating substrates (in the bioreactor), lower costs for managing the digestate, and overall, lower energy input for operation (Liew et al., 2012; Karthikeyan and Visvanathan, 2012)....
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References
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"Bio-energy recovery from high-solid..." refers background or methods in this paper
...…accessibility for bacterial/enzymatic action; (3) minimize sugar degradation and lignin solubilization; (4) be environmentally friendly and a less energy intensive process; and (5) be a scalable, simple and robust system (Ghosh and Singh 1993; Mosier et al. 2005; Mtui 2009; Harmsen et al. 2010)....
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...4.2 Pre-treatment of substrates Generally, pre-treatment technologies were adopted to alter or remove these structural/compositional impediments to increase the yields of fermentable simple sugars/intended products in order to further process utilizations (Mosier et al. 2005)....
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...Specifically, any pretreatment technology is intended to: (1) free as much carbohydrates as possible into monomers; (2) provide easy accessibility for bacterial/enzymatic action; (3) minimize sugar degradation and lignin solubilization; (4) be environmentally friendly and a less energy intensive process; and (5) be a scalable, simple and robust system (Ghosh and Singh 1993; Mosier et al. 2005; Mtui 2009; Harmsen et al. 2010)....
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...Generally, pre-treatment technologies were adopted to alter or remove these structural/compositional impediments to increase the yields of fermentable simple sugars/intended products in order to further process utilizations (Mosier et al. 2005)....
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"Bio-energy recovery from high-solid..." refers background in this paper
...It is the average time solids reside within the digester (Appels et al. 2008)....
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...Also, the high ammonia concentrations associated with low C/N ratios can be another a Millimole of metal per kg of dry solids; Source: Polprasert (2007), Appels et al. (2008), Chen et al. (2008), Dong et al. (2010) inhibiting factor that limits maximum sustainable OLR (Banks et al. 2008)....
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