Bio-hydrogen production from waste materials
TL;DR: In this paper, a review article summarizes bio-hydrogen production from some waste materials, including cellulose and starch containing agricultural and food industry wastes and some food industry wastewaters.
About: This article is published in Enzyme and Microbial Technology.The article was published on 2006-03-02. It has received 1569 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Hydrogen production & Fermentative hydrogen production.
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TL;DR: As demonstrated here, microalgae appear to be the only source of renewable biodiesel that is capable of meeting the global demand for transport fuels.
9,030 citations
Cites background from "Bio-hydrogen production from waste ..."
...…oil (Roessler et al., 1994; Sawayama et al., 1995; Dunahay et al., 1996; Sheehan et al., 1998; Banerjee et al., 2002; Gavrilescu and Chisti, 2005); and photobiologically produced biohydrogen (Ghirardi et al., 2000; Akkerman et al., 2002; Melis, 2002; Fedorov et al., 2005; Kapdan and Kargi, 2006)....
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...Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295 2....
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TL;DR: A review of technologies related to hydrogen production from both fossil and renewable biomass resources including reforming (steam, partial oxidation, autothermal, plasma, and aqueous phase) and pyrolysis is presented in this article.
2,673 citations
TL;DR: A comparative overview of the major hydrogen production methods is carried out in this article, where the process descriptions along with the technical and economic aspects of 14 different production methods are discussed, and the results regarding both the conventional and renewable methods are presented.
Abstract: Climate change and fossil fuel depletion are the main reasons leading to hydrogen technology. There are many processes for hydrogen production from both conventional and alternative energy resources such as natural gas, coal, nuclear, biomass, solar and wind. In this work, a comparative overview of the major hydrogen production methods is carried out. The process descriptions along with the technical and economic aspects of 14 different production methods are discussed. An overall comparison is carried out, and the results regarding both the conventional and renewable methods are presented. The thermochemical pyrolysis and gasification are economically viable approaches providing the highest potential to become competitive on a large scale in the near future while conventional methods retain their dominant role in H2 production with costs in the range of 1.34–2.27 $/kg. Biological methods appear to be a promising pathway but further research studies are needed to improve their production rates, while the low conversion efficiencies in combination with the high investment costs are the key restrictions for water-splitting technologies to compete with conventional methods. However, further development of these technologies along with significant innovations concerning H2 storage, transportation and utilization, implies the decrease of the national dependence on fossil fuel imports and green hydrogen will dominate over the traditional energy resources.
1,577 citations
Cites background from "Bio-hydrogen production from waste ..."
...The feeds for bio-hydrogen are water for photolysis where hydrogen is produced by some bacteria or algae directly through their hydrogenase or nitrogenase enzyme system, and biomass for fermentative processes where the carbohydrate containing materials are converted to organic acids and then to hydrogen gas by using bio-processing technologies [27,41]....
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...However, low H2 production potential, the requirement of significant surface area to collect sufficient light and no waste utilization are the main drawbacks of this bio-hydrogen production method [27,41]....
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...If industrial effluents are used for H2 production, a major problem occurs due to the color of wastewaters which could reduce the light penetration and the presence of toxic compounds such as heavy metals which may require pre-treatment before being used [27]....
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...The generated hydrogen ions are then converted into hydrogen gas by hydrogenase enzyme [27]....
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...The major problem in utilization of hydrogen gas as a fuel is its unavailability in nature and the need for inexpensive production methods [27]....
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TL;DR: In this article, the state-of-the-art hydrogen production technologies using renewable and sustainable energy resources are presented, including supercritical water gasification (SCWG) of biomass is the most cost effective thermochemical process.
Abstract: Fossil fuel consumption in transportation system and energy-intensive sectors as the principal pillar of civilization is associated with progressive release of greenhouse gases. Hydrogen as a promising energy carrier is a perfect candidate to supply the energy demand of the world and concomitantly reduce toxic emissions. This article gives an overview of the state-of-the-art hydrogen production technologies using renewable and sustainable energy resources. Hydrogen from supercritical water gasification (SCWG) of biomass is the most cost effective thermochemical process. Highly moisturized biomass is utilized directly in SCWG without any high cost drying process. In SCWG, hydrogen is produced at high pressure and small amount of energy is required to pressurize hydrogen in the storage tank. Tar and char formation decreases drastically in biomass SCWG. The low efficiency of solar to hydrogen system as well as expensive photovoltaic cell are the most important barriers for the widespread commercial development of solar-based hydrogen production. Since electricity costs play a crucial role on the final hydrogen price, to generate carbon free hydrogen from solar and wind energy at a competitive price with fossil fuels, the electrical energy cost should be four times less than commercial electricity prices.
1,359 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors review different approaches, technologies, and strategies to manage large-scale schemes of variable renewable electricity such as solar and wind power, considering both supply and demand side measures.
Abstract: The paper reviews different approaches, technologies, and strategies to manage large-scale schemes of variable renewable electricity such as solar and wind power. We consider both supply and demand side measures. In addition to presenting energy system flexibility measures, their importance to renewable electricity is discussed. The flexibility measures available range from traditional ones such as grid extension or pumped hydro storage to more advanced strategies such as demand side management and demand side linked approaches, e.g. the use of electric vehicles for storing excess electricity, but also providing grid support services. Advanced batteries may offer new solutions in the future, though the high costs associated with batteries may restrict their use to smaller scale applications. Different “P2Y”-type of strategies, where P stands for surplus renewable power and Y for the energy form or energy service to which this excess in converted to, e.g. thermal energy, hydrogen, gas or mobility are receiving much attention as potential flexibility solutions, making use of the energy system as a whole. To “functionalize” or to assess the value of the various energy system flexibility measures, these need often be put into an electricity/energy market or utility service context. Summarizing, the outlook for managing large amounts of RE power in terms of options available seems to be promising.
1,180 citations
References
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TL;DR: The paper presents a survey of biological hydrogen production processes, and the microorganisms and biochemical pathways involved in hydrogen generation processes are presented in some detail.
1,915 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors compare the hydrogen production rates of various bio-hydrogen systems by first standardizing the units of hydrogen production and then calculating the size of biohydrogen system that would be required to power proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells of various sizes.
1,488 citations
"Bio-hydrogen production from waste ..." refers background in this paper
...However, the rate of H 2 production is low and the technology for this process needs further development [5]....
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TL;DR: The work describes a novel approach for sustained photobiological production of H(2) gas via the reversible hydrogenase pathway in the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, and suggests that photoreduction of ferredoxin is followed by electron donation to theversible hydrogenase.
Abstract: The work describes a novel approach for sustained photobiological production of H(2) gas via the reversible hydrogenase pathway in the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. This single-organism, two-stage H(2) production method circumvents the severe O(2) sensitivity of the reversible hydrogenase by temporally separating photosynthetic O(2) evolution and carbon accumulation (stage 1) from the consumption of cellular metabolites and concomitant H(2) production (stage 2). A transition from stage 1 to stage 2 was effected upon S deprivation of the culture, which reversibly inactivated photosystem II (PSII) and O(2) evolution. Under these conditions, oxidative respiration by the cells in the light depleted O(2) and caused anaerobiosis in the culture, which was necessary and sufficient for the induction of the reversible hydrogenase. Subsequently, sustained cellular H(2) gas production was observed in the light but not in the dark. The mechanism of H(2) production entailed protein consumption and electron transport from endogenous substrate to the cytochrome b(6)-f and PSI complexes in the chloroplast thylakoids. Light absorption by PSI was required for H(2) evolution, suggesting that photoreduction of ferredoxin is followed by electron donation to the reversible hydrogenase. The latter catalyzes the reduction of protons to molecular H(2) in the chloroplast stroma.
1,026 citations
TL;DR: The effect of pH on the conversion of glucose to hydrogen by a mixed culture of fermentative bacteria was evaluated and the diversity of microbial communities increased with pH, based on 16S rDNA analysis by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE).
967 citations
TL;DR: A review of the use of catalysis for the current and future production of H2 can be found in this article, where a number of different, largely catalytic approaches for producing H2 are described.
Abstract: This review describes a number of different, largely catalytic approaches for producing H2. Since a major fraction of the world's H2 is produced by catalytic processes, involving multiple steps with different types of catalysts, it is clear that catalysis plays a critical role in the production of H2. This review is focused on the use of catalysis for the current and future production of H2. Some background will be provided to give a perspective of the dramatic change in the supply and demand for H2 in the past decade, followed by a review of how it is produced commercially, with a view to how multiple types of catalysis contribute to the total process for H2 production. Steam methane reforming, the major approach for H2 manufacture, will be a focal point for most of the discussion in pointing out the large number of catalytic steps that are used in this major technology. Finally, some alternative catalytic approaches for H2 production will be described.
794 citations