Bio-oil from fast pyrolysis of lignin: Effects of process and upgrading parameters.
TL;DR: Various process parameters including pyrolysis temperature, reactor types, lignin characteristics, residence time, and feeding rate were discussed and the optimal parameter conditions for improved bio-oil yield and quality were concluded.
About: This article is published in Bioresource Technology.The article was published on 2017-10-01. It has received 167 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Hydrodeoxygenation & Pyrolysis.
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TL;DR: Following the whole value chain from raw lignocellulose through depolymerization to application whenever possible, specific lignin-based compounds emerge that could be in the future considered as potential lignIn-derived platform chemicals.
Abstract: Lignin, a major component of lignocellulose, is the largest source of aromatic building blocks on the planet and harbors great potential to serve as starting material for the production of biobased products. Despite the initial challenges associated with the robust and irregular structure of lignin, the valorization of this intriguing aromatic biopolymer has come a long way: recently, many creative strategies emerged that deliver defined products via catalytic or biocatalytic depolymerization in good yields. The purpose of this review is to provide insight into these novel approaches and the potential application of such emerging new structures for the synthesis of biobased polymers or pharmacologically active molecules. Existing strategies for functionalization or defunctionalization of lignin-based compounds are also summarized. Following the whole value chain from raw lignocellulose through depolymerization to application whenever possible, specific lignin-based compounds emerge that could be in the fu...
1,255 citations
TL;DR: This review summarizes the latest cutting-edge innovations of lignin chemical valorization with the focus on the aforementioned three key aspects.
510 citations
TL;DR: This paper summarizes the research advances in the utilization of lignin resources (mainly in the last three years), with a particular emphasis on two major approaches of lIGNin utilization: catalytic degradation into aromatics and thermochemical treatment for carbon material production.
268 citations
Cites background or methods from "Bio-oil from fast pyrolysis of lign..."
...Chemical method is widely used for industrial production of lignin because of its high separation efficiency and mild reaction conditions (Fan et al., 2017b; Li et al., 2016b)....
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...Compared with conventional pyrolysis, microwave-assisted heating has the advantages of high energy efficiency, uniform heating, and low cost (Fan et al., 2017a)....
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...The rapid increase of temperature promoted the breakage of the bonds and lignin was decomposed to volatiles, which were quickly condensed and led to the formation of bio-oil (Fan et al., 2017b)....
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TL;DR: It is hoped this review will stimulate further advances in the sustainable production of value-added products from lignin to integrate this invaluable "bio-waste" into the chemical/materials supply chain.
Abstract: Despite the enormous research efforts in recent years regarding lignin depolymerisation and functionalisation, few commercial products are available. This review provides a summary and viewpoint of extensive research in the lignin-to-product valorisation chain, with an emphasis on downstream processing of lignin derived feedstock into end products. It starts with an introduction of available platform chemicals and polymeric derivatives generated from lignin via existing depolymerisation and functionalisation technologies. Following that, detailed analyses of various strategies for the downstream processing of lignin derived platform chemicals and materials into fuels, valued-added chemicals and functional polymers are provided. A concise techno-economic analysis of various downstream processes is conducted based on the market demand of the end product, economic potential and technological readiness, enabling the identification of processes that are potentially both economically competitive and commercially feasible, and shedding light on processes which deserve further technological development. We wish this review will stimulate further advances in the sustainable production of value-added products from lignin to integrate this invaluable “bio-waste” into the chemical/materials supply chain.
232 citations
TL;DR: Achieving in depth insights on lignin characteristics and structure will help to understand the metabolic and catalytic degradative pathways needed for lignIn valorization, and the potential applications of lIGNin and lign in based derivatives on biopolymer production are highlighted.
196 citations
References
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TL;DR: In this article, the pyrolysis characteristics of three main components (hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin) of biomass were investigated using, respectively, a thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA) with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) detector and a pack bed.
5,859 citations
"Bio-oil from fast pyrolysis of lign..." refers background in this paper
...Furthermore, a broader temperature range (160-900 ℃) is needed for lignin weight loss (Yang et al., 2007)....
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TL;DR: A review of the recent developments in the wood pyrolysis and reports the characteristics of the resulting bio-oils, which are the main products of fast wood pyrotechnics, can be found in this paper.
Abstract: Fast pyrolysis utilizes biomass to produce a product that is used both as an energy source and a feedstock for chemical production. Considerable efforts have been made to convert wood biomass to liquid fuels and chemicals since the oil crisis in mid-1970s. This review focuses on the recent developments in the wood pyrolysis and reports the characteristics of the resulting bio-oils, which are the main products of fast wood pyrolysis. Virtually any form of biomass can be considered for fast pyrolysis. Most work has been performed on wood, because of its consistency and comparability between tests. However, nearly 100 types of biomass have been tested, ranging from agricultural wastes such as straw, olive pits, and nut shells to energy crops such as miscanthus and sorghum. Forestry wastes such as bark and thinnings and other solid wastes, including sewage sludge and leather wastes, have also been studied. In this review, the main (although not exclusive) emphasis has been given to wood. The literature on woo...
4,988 citations
"Bio-oil from fast pyrolysis of lign..." refers background in this paper
...However, the bio-oil yield from lignin is still lower than that from biomass, which could be over 70 wt.% (Mohan et al., 2006)....
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TL;DR: Biomass is an important feedstock for the renewable production of fuels, chemicals, and energy, and it recently surpassed hydroelectric energy as the largest domestic source of renewable energy.
Abstract: Biomass is an important feedstock for the renewable production of fuels, chemicals, and energy. As of 2005, over 3% of the total energy consumption in the United States was supplied by biomass, and it recently surpassed hydroelectric energy as the largest domestic source of renewable energy. Similarly, the European Union received 66.1% of its renewable energy from biomass, which thus surpassed the total combined contribution from hydropower, wind power, geothermal energy, and solar power. In addition to energy, the production of chemicals from biomass is also essential; indeed, the only renewable source of liquid transportation fuels is currently obtained from biomass.
3,644 citations
"Bio-oil from fast pyrolysis of lign..." refers background in this paper
...The U.S. Department of Agriculture and U.S. Department of Energy have set an ambitious target that 20% of transportation energy and 25% of chemicals would be obtained from biomass by 2030 (Zakzeski et al., 2010)....
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TL;DR: In this article, two general routes for bio-oil upgrading have been considered: hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) and zeolite cracking, where zeolites, e.g. HZSM-5, are used as catalysts for the deoxygenization reaction.
Abstract: As the oil reserves are depleting the need of an alternative fuel source is becoming increasingly apparent. One prospective method for producing fuels in the future is conversion of biomass into bio-oil and then upgrading the bio-oil over a catalyst, this method is the focus of this review article. Bio-oil production can be facilitated through flash pyrolysis, which has been identified as one of the most feasible routes. The bio-oil has a high oxygen content and therefore low stability over time and a low heating value. Upgrading is desirable to remove the oxygen and in this way make it resemble crude oil. Two general routes for bio-oil upgrading have been considered: hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) and zeolite cracking. HDO is a high pressure operation where hydrogen is used to exclude oxygen from the bio-oil, giving a high grade oil product equivalent to crude oil. Catalysts for the reaction are traditional hydrodesulphurization (HDS) catalysts, such as Co–MoS2/Al2O3, or metal catalysts, as for example Pd/C. However, catalyst lifetimes of much more than 200 h have not been achieved with any current catalyst due to carbon deposition. Zeolite cracking is an alternative path, where zeolites, e.g. HZSM-5, are used as catalysts for the deoxygenation reaction. In these systems hydrogen is not a requirement, so operation is performed at atmospheric pressure. However, extensive carbon deposition results in very short catalyst lifetimes. Furthermore a general restriction in the hydrogen content of the bio-oil results in a low H/C ratio of the oil product as no additional hydrogen is supplied. Overall, oil from zeolite cracking is of a low grade, with heating values approximately 25% lower than that of crude oil. Of the two mentioned routes, HDO appears to have the best potential, as zeolite cracking cannot produce fuels of acceptable grade for the current infrastructure. HDO is evaluated as being a path to fuels in a grade and at a price equivalent to present fossil fuels, but several tasks still have to be addressed within this process. Catalyst development, understanding of the carbon forming mechanisms, understanding of the kinetics, elucidation of sulphur as a source of deactivation, evaluation of the requirement for high pressure, and sustainable sources for hydrogen are all areas which have to be elucidated before commercialisation of the process.
1,487 citations
"Bio-oil from fast pyrolysis of lign..." refers background in this paper
...This contributes to the weakness of the bond between molybdenum and sulfur and is beneficial to the formation of sulfur vacancy sites, which are active for both HDS and HDO (Mortensen et al., 2011)....
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...Among the conversion routes, fast pyrolysis is a productive and promising method since high yield and quality of liquid fuels could be obtained and most energy in lignin could be preserved in the liquid product (Mortensen et al., 2011)....
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TL;DR: Lignin is a highly abundant biopolymeric material that constitutes with cellulose one of the major components in structural cell walls of higher vascular plants and is used as a precursor for the elaboration of original macromolecular architecture and the development of new building blocks as mentioned in this paper.
1,416 citations
"Bio-oil from fast pyrolysis of lign..." refers background in this paper
...Functionalization of phenolic hydroxyl groups is also a considerable strategy for lignin pretreatment because the hydroxyl groups attached to lignin are the most reactive groups which can significantly affect the physical and chemical properties of lignin (Laurichesse & Avérous, 2014)....
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