Bioactivities, bioactive compounds and chemical constituents of mangrove plants
01 Nov 2002-Wetlands Ecology and Management (Kluwer Academic Publishers)-Vol. 10, Iss: 6, pp 421-452
TL;DR: The traditional and medicinal uses, and recent investigations on the biological activities of extracts, and chemicals identified from mangroves and mangal associates are examined.
Abstract: This review article presents the traditional and medicinal uses, and examines recent investigations on the biological activities of extracts, and chemicals identified from mangroves and mangal associates. Metabolites identified from mangrove plants are classified according to ‘chemical classes’, and some of their structures are illustrated. The article also presents some of the functions of the chemicals present and attempt to emphasize and create an awareness of the great of potential mangroves and mangal associates possess as a source of novel agrochemicals, compounds of medicinal value, and a new source of many already known biologically active compounds.
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TL;DR: There is growing research interest in the ethnobiology, socio-economics and management of mangrove forests as discussed by the authors, with harvesting efforts and impacts concentrated in stands that are closer to settlements and easiest to access (by land or by sea).
687 citations
Cites background from "Bioactivities, bioactive compounds ..."
...…for their bark (used in tanning and dyes) and wood fiber (to make rayon and paper); as sources of animal fodder, vegetable foods, and diverse traditional medicines and toxicants (see Bandaranayake, 1998, 2002 for a reviews); and as habitats for honey bees and hunted wildlife (see Table 1; Fig....
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TL;DR: This paper reviews the works so far conducted on marine flora-based anticancer research in the present context of increasing cancer incidence, deprived of the cheaper, safer, and potent medicines to challenge the dreadful human disease.
Abstract: Marine floras, such as bacteria, actinobacteria, cyanobacteria, fungi, microalgae, seaweeds, mangroves, and other halophytes are extremely important oceanic resources, constituting over 90% of the oceanic biomass. They are taxonomically diverse, largely productive, biologically active, and chemically unique offering a great scope for discovery of new anticancer drugs. The marine floras are rich in medicinally potent chemicals predominantly belonging to polyphenols and sulphated polysaccharides. The chemicals have displayed an array of pharmacological properties especially antioxidant, immunostimulatory, and antitumour activities. The phytochemicals possibly activate macrophages, induce apoptosis, and prevent oxidative damage of DNA, thereby controlling carcinogenesis. In spite of vast resources enriched with chemicals, the marine floras are largely unexplored for anticancer lead compounds. Hence, this paper reviews the works so far conducted on this aspect with a view to provide a baseline information for promoting the marine flora-based anticancer research in the present context of increasing cancer incidence, deprived of the cheaper, safer, and potent medicines to challenge the dreadful human disease.
318 citations
Additional excerpts
...acids, flavonoids, anthocyanidins, lignin, tannins, catechin, epicatechin, epigallocatechin, and gallic acid [53, 101]....
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TL;DR: This contribution focuses on the ethnopharmacological uses of halophytes in traditional medicine and reviews recent investigations on their biological activities and nutraceuticals.
Abstract: Salt-tolerant plants grow in a wide variety of saline habitats, from coastal regions, salt marshes and mudflats to inland deserts, salt flats and steppes. Halophytes living in these extreme environments have to deal with frequent changes in salinity level. This can be done by developing adaptive responses including the synthesis of several bioactive molecules. Consequently, several salt marsh plants have traditionally been used for medical, nutritional, and even artisanal purposes. Currently, an increasing interest is granted to these species because of their high content in bioactive compounds (primary and secondary metabolites) such as polyunsaturated fatty acids, carotenoids, vitamins, sterols, essential oils (terpenes), polysaccharides, glycosides, and phenolic compounds. These bioactive substances display potent antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and anti-tumoral activities, and therefore represent key-compounds in preventing various diseases (e.g. cancer, chronic inflammation, atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disorder) and ageing processes. The ongoing research will lead to the utilisation of halophytes as a new source of healthy products as functional foods, nutraceuticals or active principles in several industries. This contribution focuses on the ethnopharmacological uses of halophytes in traditional medicine and reviews recent investigations on their biological activities and nutraceuticals. The work is distributed according to the different families of nutraceuticals (lipids, vitamins, proteins, glycosides, phenolic compounds, etc.) discussing the analytical techniques employed for their determination. Information about the claimed health promoting effects of the different families of nutraceuticals is also provided together with data on their application.
317 citations
Cites background from "Bioactivities, bioactive compounds ..."
...The most common example of tetraterpenes (C40) are the carotenoids, which are pigments whose principal recognized role is to act as photoreceptive “antenna pigments” for photosynthesis (Bandaranayake, 2002)....
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...T. catappa is used in folk medicine for preventing hepatoma and treating hepatitis (Bandaranayake, 2002)....
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TL;DR: The scientific literature for fate and effects of non-nutrient contaminant concentrations is skewed for reports describing sediment contamination and bioaccumulation for trace metals, which hinders chemical risk assessments and validation of effects-based criteria.
313 citations
Karolinska University Hospital1, Stockholm University2, University of Kalamoon3, American University in Cairo4, Cairo University5, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University6, Quaid-i-Azam University7, University of Mainz8, University of Karachi9, Kaohsiung Medical University10, Keio University11, Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg12, Uppsala University13
TL;DR: The impact of marine organisms, with particular emphasis on marine plants, algae, bacteria, actinomycetes, fungi, sponges and soft corals, and the possible molecular mechanisms behind the biological effects are presented.
Abstract: Cancer remains one of the most lethal diseases worldwide. There is an urgent need for new drugs with novel modes of action and thus considerable research has been conducted for new anticancer drugs from natural sources, especially plants, microbes and marine organisms. Marine populations represent reservoirs of novel bioactive metabolites with diverse groups of chemical structures. This review highlights the impact of marine organisms, with particular emphasis on marine plants, algae, bacteria, actinomycetes, fungi, sponges and soft corals. Anti-cancer effects of marine natural products in in vitro and in vivo studies were first introduced; their activity in the prevention of tumor formation and the related compound-induced apoptosis and cytotoxicities were tackled. The possible molecular mechanisms behind the biological effects are also presented. The review highlights the diversity of marine organisms, novel chemical structures, and chemical property space. Finally, therapeutic strategies and the present use of marine-derived components, its future direction and limitations are discussed.
267 citations
Cites background from "Bioactivities, bioactive compounds ..."
...Also known as seaweed, multicellular macroalgae contain numerous pharmacologically important bioactive elements to include carotenoids, dietary fiber, protein, essential fatty acids, vitamins (A, B, B12, C, D, E), and minerals such as Ca, P, Na, and K [70–73], in addition to polyphenols [74,75]....
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...Polyphenols (Figure 4; Table 1), are categorized into phenolic acids, flavonoids, tannins, catechin, anthocyanidins, epigallocatechin, lignin, epicatechin, epigallate, and gallic acid [74,75]....
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References
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TL;DR: Tannin toxicity for fungi, bacteria and yeasts is reviewed and compared to toxicity of related lower molecular weight phenols and the dependence of toxicity on tannin structure is examined.
2,129 citations
"Bioactivities, bioactive compounds ..." refers background in this paper
...The term ‘proanthocyanidin’ (xiii) is not structurally explicit, but is based solely upon the experimental observation that these colorless compounds yield anthocyanidins upon treatment with strong acids (177, 190)....
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...Tannins are distributed in two groups according to their structures: Proanthocyanidins (condensed tannins) and hydrolysable or water-soluble tannins (Scalbert, 1991; Stafford, 1988)....
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Book•
01 Jan 1986TL;DR: The aim of this work is to contribute to the human awareness of the natural world and to contribute towards the humanizing of nature.
Abstract: Preface Acknowledgements Part I. General Account: 1. Ecology 2. Floristics 3. Biogeography 4. Shoot systems 5. Root systems 6. Water relations and salt balance 7. Flowering 8. Seedlings and seeds 9. Utilization and exploitation Part II. Detailed Descriptions by Family References Index.
2,014 citations
TL;DR: The evidence supports at least a partial antioxidant role in vivo for many classes of plant metabolite, and many other compounds as potential antioxidants can be inferred by their similarity to synthetic antioxidants of related structure.
1,809 citations
"Bioactivities, bioactive compounds ..." refers background in this paper
...show antioxidant and fungicidal activity (110) and are natural antihistamines....
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TL;DR: Mangroves are woody plants that grow at the interface between land and sea in tropical and sub-tropical latitudes where they exist in conditions of high salinity, extreme tides, strong winds, high temperatures and muddy, anaerobic soils, creating unique ecological environments that host rich assemblages of species.
Abstract: Mangroves are woody plants that grow at the interface between land and sea in tropical and sub-tropical latitudes where they exist in conditions of high salinity, extreme tides, strong winds, high temperatures and muddy, anaerobic soils. There may be no other group of plants with such highly developed morphological and physiological adaptations to extreme conditions.
Because of their environment, mangroves are necessarily tolerant of high salt levels and have mechanisms to take up water despite strong osmotic potentials. Some also take up salts, but excrete them through specialized glands in the leaves. Others transfer salts into senescent leaves or store them in the bark or the wood. Still others simply become increasingly conservative in their water use as water salinity increases Morphological specializations include profuse lateral roots that anchor the trees in the loose sediments, exposed aerial roots for gas exchange and viviparous waterdispersed propagules.
Mangroves create unique ecological environments that host rich assemblages of species. The muddy or sandy sediments of the mangal are home to a variety of epibenthic, infaunal, and meiofaunal invertebrates Channels within the mangal support communities of phytoplankton, zooplankton and fish. The mangal may play a special role as nursery habitat for juveniles of fish whose adults occupy other habitats (e.g. coral reefs and seagrass beds).
Because they are surrounded by loose sediments, the submerged mangroves' roots, trunks and branches are islands of habitat that may attract rich epifaunal communities including bacteria, fungi, macroalgae and invertebrates. The aerial roots, trunks, leaves and branches host other groups of organisms. A number of crab species live among the roots, on the trunks or even forage in the canopy. Insects, reptiles, amphibians, birds and mammals thrive in the habitat and contribute to its unique character.
Living at the interface between land and sea, mangroves are well adapted to deal with natural stressors (e.g. temperature, salinity, anoxia, UV). However, because they live close to their tolerance limits, they may be particularly sensitive to disturbances like those created by human activities. Because of their proximity to population centers, mangals have historically been favored sites for sewage disposal. Industrial effluents have contributed to heavy metal contamination in the sediments. Oil from spills and from petroleum production has flowed into many mangals. These insults have had significant negative effects on the mangroves.
Habitat destruction through human encroachment has been the primary cause of mangrove loss. Diversion of freshwater for irrigation and land reclamation has destroyed extensive mangrove forests. In the past several decades, numerous tracts of mangrove have been converted for aquaculture, fundamentally altering the nature of the habitat. Measurements reveal alarming levels of mangrove destruction. Some estimates put global loss rates at one million ha y−1, with mangroves in some regions in danger of complete collapse. Heavy historical exploitation of mangroves has left many remaining habitats severely damaged.
These impacts are likely to continue, and worsen, as human populations expand further into the mangals. In regions where mangrove removal has produced significant environmental problems, efforts are underway to launch mangrove agroforestry and agriculture projects. Mangrove systems require intensive care to save threatened areas. So far, conservation and management efforts lag behind the destruction; there is still much to learn about proper management and sustainable harvesting of mangrove forests.
Mangroves have enormous ecological value. They protect and stabilize coastlines, enrich coastal waters, yield commercial forest products and support coastal fisheries. Mangrove forests are among the world's most productive ecosystems, producing organic carbon well in excess of the ecosystem requirements and contributing significantly to the global carbon cycle. Extracts from mangroves and mangrove-dependent species have proven activity against human, animal and plant pathogens. Mangroves may be further developed as sources of high-value commercial products and fishery resources and as sites for a burgeoning ecotourism industry. Their unique features also make them ideal sites for experimental studies of biodiversity and ecosystem function. Where degraded areas are being revegetated, continued monitoring and thorough assessment must be done to help understand the recovery process. This knowledge will help develop strategies to promote better rehabilitation of degraded mangrove habitats the world over and ensure that these unique ecosystems survive and flourish.
1,568 citations
"Bioactivities, bioactive compounds ..." refers background in this paper
...It is believed that the concentration of acid betaine increases with salt stress (68, 94)....
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...They occur approximately in 112 countries and territories (94) and are largely confined to the regions between 30’ north and south of the equator....
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Book•
01 Jan 1977
TL;DR: The Plant and Its Biochemical Adaptation to the Environment, and Higher Plant-Lower Plant Interactions: Phytoalexins and Phytotoxins.
Abstract: The Plant and Its Biochemical Adaptation to the Environment. Biochemistry of Plant Pollination. Plant Toxins and Their Effects on Animals. Hormonal Interactions Between Plants and Animals. Insect Feeding Preferences. Feeding Preferences of Vertebrates, Including Man. The Co-Evolutionary Arms Race: Plant Defence and Animal Response. Animal Pheromones and Defence Substances. Biochemical Interactions Between Higher Plants. Higher Plant-Lower Plant Interactions: Phytoalexins and Phytotoxins. Indices.
1,368 citations