Biocomposites reinforced with natural fibers: 2000–2010
TL;DR: A comprehensive review of literature on bio-fiber reinforced composites is presented in this paper, where the overall characteristics of reinforcing fibers used in biocomposites, including source, type, structure, composition, as well as mechanical properties, are reviewed.
About: This article is published in Progress in Polymer Science.The article was published on 2012-11-01. It has received 3074 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Biocomposite & Transfer molding.
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TL;DR: Lignin is one of the three major components found in the cell walls of natural lignocellulosic materials and is widely available as a major byproduct of a number of industries involved in retrieving the polysaccharide components of plants for industrial applications, such as in paper making, ethanol production from biomass, etc.
Abstract: Rising environmental concerns and depletion of petro-chemical resources has resulted in an increased interest in biorenewable polymer-based environmentally friendly materials. Among biorenewable polymers, lignin is the second most abundant and fascinating natural polymer next to cellulose. Lignin is one of the three major components found in the cell walls of natural lignocellulosic materials. Lignin is widely available as a major byproduct of a number of industries involved in retrieving the polysaccharide components of plants for industrial applications, such as in paper making, ethanol production from biomass, etc. The impressive properties of lignin, such as its high abundance, low weight, environmentally friendliness and its antioxidant, antimicrobial, and biodegradable nature, along with its CO2 neutrality and reinforcing capability, make it an ideal candidate for the development of novel polymer composite materials. Considerable efforts are now being made to effectively utilize waste lignin as one ...
1,065 citations
TL;DR: A comprehensive review of the most appropriate and widely used natural fiber reinforced polymer composites (NFPCs) and their applications is presented in this paper. But, the results of the review are limited due to the high water absorption, inferior fire resistance, and lower mechanical properties of NFPCs.
Abstract: Natural fibers are getting attention from researchers and academician to utilize in polymer composites due to their ecofriendly nature and sustainability. The aim of this review article is to provide a comprehensive review of the foremost appropriate as well as widely used natural fiber reinforced polymer composites (NFPCs) and their applications. In addition, it presents summary of various surface treatments applied to natural fibers and their effect on NFPCs properties. The properties of NFPCs vary with fiber type and fiber source as well as fiber structure. The effects of various chemical treatments on the mechanical and thermal properties of natural fibers reinforcements thermosetting and thermoplastics composites were studied. A number of drawbacks of NFPCs like higher water absorption, inferior fire resistance, and lower mechanical properties limited its applications. Impacts of chemical treatment on the water absorption, tribology, viscoelastic behavior, relaxation behavior, energy absorption flames retardancy, and biodegradability properties of NFPCs were also highlighted. The applications of NFPCs in automobile and construction industry and other applications are demonstrated. It concluded that chemical treatment of the natural fiber improved adhesion between the fiber surface and the polymer matrix which ultimately enhanced physicomechanical and thermochemical properties of the NFPCs.
1,022 citations
Cites background from "Biocomposites reinforced with natur..."
...This structure gives to thermoset polymer good properties such as high flexibility for tailoring desired ultimate properties, great strength, and modulus [3, 4]....
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...At 65% humidity at 21C, the equilibrium moisture content of some natural fiber can be observed in Table 4 [4]....
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...The plants, which produce cellulose fibers can be classified into bast fibers (jute, flax, ramie, hemp, and kenaf), seed fibers (cotton, coir, and kapok), leaf fibers (sisal, pineapple, and abaca), grass and reed fibers (rice, corn, and wheat), and core fibers (hemp, kenaf, and jute) as well as all other kinds (wood and roots) [4]....
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...Table 1: Natural fibers in the world and their world production [4]....
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...Table 2: Chemical composition of some common natural fibers [4]....
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TL;DR: In this paper, a brief outline of work that covers in the area of biocomposites, major class of biodegradable polymers, natural fibres, as well as their manufacturing techniques and properties has been highlighted.
Abstract: The growing ecological and environmental consciousness has driven efforts for development of new innovative materials for various end-use applications. Polymers synthesized from natural resources, have gained considerable research interest in the recent years. This review paper is intended to provide a brief outline of work that covers in the area of biocomposites, major class of biodegradable polymers, natural fibres, as well as their manufacturing techniques and properties has been highlighted. Various surface modification methods were incorporated to improve the fibre–matrix adhesion resulting in the enhancement of mechanical properties of the biocomposites. Moreover, an economical impact and future direction of these materials has been critically reviewed. This review concludes that the biocomposites form one of the emerging areas in polymer science that gain attention for use in various applications ranging from automobile to the building industries.
894 citations
TL;DR: The prime aim of this review article is to demonstrate the recent development and emerging applications of natural cellulose fibers and their polymer materials.
775 citations
TL;DR: It is evident from the literature survey presented herein that modified cellulose-based adsorbents exhibit good potential for the removal of various aquatic pollutants, however, still there is a need to find out the practical utility of these adsorbent on a commercial scale, leading to the improvement of pollution control.
747 citations
Additional excerpts
...4 glycosidic linkages (Faruk et al., 2012; Henriksson and Berglund, 2007; O'Connell et al., 2008) (Fig....
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References
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2 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a two-dimensional growth of BaB 2 O 4 single crystal from high-temperature solution was performed, and the motion of solid-liquid interface was observed in real time by differential interference microscopy.
Abstract: Two-dimensional growth of BaB 2 O 4 single crystal from high-temperature solution was performed, and the motion
of solid-liquid interface was observed in real time by differential interference microscopy. Results show that the solid-liquid
interface exhibits the morphology of a vicinal face where steps with height of several microns are observed. The
measurements of growth rate V and step propagating velocity υ show that both V and υ fluctuate by up to 40 ∼ 50% of
their average values, respectively, under constant external conditions. Such intrinsic fluctuations with time interval of the
order of one second is mainly the result of step bunching, which has been confirmed by the gradual decrease of step
spacing when approaching the edge of the growing interface. Besides above fluctuations, a longer-period oscillation of
V (period interval of 4 ∼ 5 seconds) is obtained for relatively rapid growth, which is triggered by the periodical alteration of step
propagating directions.
2 citations
TL;DR: In this article, an oil palm fruit bunch (OPFB) fibre was used as filler in polypropylene-clay nanocomposite (PNC) to study its effect on the mechanical properties of OPFB filled PNC or hybrid polymer nanocomposition (HPNC).
Abstract: Oil palm fruit bunch (OPFB) fibre was used as filler in polypropylene–clay nanocomposite (PNC) to study its effect on the mechanical properties of OPFB filled PNC or hybrid polymer nanocomposite (HPNC). The OPFB size was varied at 250 μm, 180 μm, 125 μm and 100 μm. HPNC was prepared by compounding 20 wt.% of OPFB together with PNC. Tensile, flexural and impact test samples were injection moulded from the compounds according to ASTM standards. The experimental results showed that the increase of OPFB size in HPNC has increased the tensile and flexural moduli from 39% to 54% and 33% to 69%, respectively. Meanwhile, the tensile and flexural strengths increased as the OPFB size increases. The elongation at break and impact resistance were not affected by OPFB size. Scanning electron microscope result showed that the fracture surfaces of coarser OPFB filled polypropylene–clay nanocomposite has several mechanisms such as fibre pull-outs, fibre fracture and fibre delamination, whereas the PNC filled with finer OPFB exhibited ductile fracture.
1 citations
"Biocomposites reinforced with natur..." refers background in this paper
...Similar to PE, PP is also widely used as a matrix in combination with different natural fibers: such as hemp [263,264], flax [265–267], kenaf [268,269], oil palm [270],...
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TL;DR: In this article, the effects of thermal shock on the mechanical properties of short bamboo fiber reinforced green composites (BFGC) were investigated by 3-point bending test, and Vickers hardness and elastic modulus were evaluated by a nano-indentation method.
Abstract: . This paper deals with the mechanical characterization of short bamboo fiber reinforced green composites (BFGC). The effects of thermal shock on the mechanical properties of BFGC were investigated. Their flexural strength was evaluated by 3-point bending test, and Vickers hardness and elastic modulus were evaluated by a nano-indentation method. The fracture surfaces and microstructure of BFGC were examined by SEM. The results of evaluated mechanical properties (3-point bending test) after thermal shock indicated that the strength of BFGC decreased below 40°C, however the strength became constant above 40°C. The Vickers hardness and modulus of elasticity evaluated from the nano-indentation tests also represented a similar trend to that of flexural strength. The fracture surface of thermal shocked BFGC after bending tests indicated the pull-outed bamboo fibers. This might be responsible for insufficient bonding between bamboo fiber and resin.
1 citations
"Biocomposites reinforced with natur..." refers background in this paper
...iodegradable resins have been tested, including cashew ut shells [371,372] with hemp and kenaf fibers, polyutylene succinate (PBS) with jute fibers [373,374] bamboo bers [375], and hemp fibers [376], and polycaprolactone PCL) with flax fibers [377] and bamboo fibers [378]....
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