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Journal ArticleDOI

Biocomposites reinforced with natural fibers: 2000–2010

TL;DR: A comprehensive review of literature on bio-fiber reinforced composites is presented in this paper, where the overall characteristics of reinforcing fibers used in biocomposites, including source, type, structure, composition, as well as mechanical properties, are reviewed.
About: This article is published in Progress in Polymer Science.The article was published on 2012-11-01. It has received 3074 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Biocomposite & Transfer molding.
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TL;DR: Lignin is one of the three major components found in the cell walls of natural lignocellulosic materials and is widely available as a major byproduct of a number of industries involved in retrieving the polysaccharide components of plants for industrial applications, such as in paper making, ethanol production from biomass, etc.
Abstract: Rising environmental concerns and depletion of petro-chemical resources has resulted in an increased interest in biorenewable polymer-based environmentally friendly materials. Among biorenewable polymers, lignin is the second most abundant and fascinating natural polymer next to cellulose. Lignin is one of the three major components found in the cell walls of natural lignocellulosic materials. Lignin is widely available as a major byproduct of a number of industries involved in retrieving the polysaccharide components of plants for industrial applications, such as in paper making, ethanol production from biomass, etc. The impressive properties of lignin, such as its high abundance, low weight, environmentally friendliness and its antioxidant, antimicrobial, and biodegradable nature, along with its CO2 neutrality and reinforcing capability, make it an ideal candidate for the development of novel polymer composite materials. Considerable efforts are now being made to effectively utilize waste lignin as one ...

1,065 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A comprehensive review of the most appropriate and widely used natural fiber reinforced polymer composites (NFPCs) and their applications is presented in this paper. But, the results of the review are limited due to the high water absorption, inferior fire resistance, and lower mechanical properties of NFPCs.
Abstract: Natural fibers are getting attention from researchers and academician to utilize in polymer composites due to their ecofriendly nature and sustainability. The aim of this review article is to provide a comprehensive review of the foremost appropriate as well as widely used natural fiber reinforced polymer composites (NFPCs) and their applications. In addition, it presents summary of various surface treatments applied to natural fibers and their effect on NFPCs properties. The properties of NFPCs vary with fiber type and fiber source as well as fiber structure. The effects of various chemical treatments on the mechanical and thermal properties of natural fibers reinforcements thermosetting and thermoplastics composites were studied. A number of drawbacks of NFPCs like higher water absorption, inferior fire resistance, and lower mechanical properties limited its applications. Impacts of chemical treatment on the water absorption, tribology, viscoelastic behavior, relaxation behavior, energy absorption flames retardancy, and biodegradability properties of NFPCs were also highlighted. The applications of NFPCs in automobile and construction industry and other applications are demonstrated. It concluded that chemical treatment of the natural fiber improved adhesion between the fiber surface and the polymer matrix which ultimately enhanced physicomechanical and thermochemical properties of the NFPCs.

1,022 citations


Cites background from "Biocomposites reinforced with natur..."

  • ...This structure gives to thermoset polymer good properties such as high flexibility for tailoring desired ultimate properties, great strength, and modulus [3, 4]....

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  • ...At 65% humidity at 21C, the equilibrium moisture content of some natural fiber can be observed in Table 4 [4]....

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  • ...The plants, which produce cellulose fibers can be classified into bast fibers (jute, flax, ramie, hemp, and kenaf), seed fibers (cotton, coir, and kapok), leaf fibers (sisal, pineapple, and abaca), grass and reed fibers (rice, corn, and wheat), and core fibers (hemp, kenaf, and jute) as well as all other kinds (wood and roots) [4]....

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  • ...Table 1: Natural fibers in the world and their world production [4]....

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  • ...Table 2: Chemical composition of some common natural fibers [4]....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a brief outline of work that covers in the area of biocomposites, major class of biodegradable polymers, natural fibres, as well as their manufacturing techniques and properties has been highlighted.
Abstract: The growing ecological and environmental consciousness has driven efforts for development of new innovative materials for various end-use applications. Polymers synthesized from natural resources, have gained considerable research interest in the recent years. This review paper is intended to provide a brief outline of work that covers in the area of biocomposites, major class of biodegradable polymers, natural fibres, as well as their manufacturing techniques and properties has been highlighted. Various surface modification methods were incorporated to improve the fibre–matrix adhesion resulting in the enhancement of mechanical properties of the biocomposites. Moreover, an economical impact and future direction of these materials has been critically reviewed. This review concludes that the biocomposites form one of the emerging areas in polymer science that gain attention for use in various applications ranging from automobile to the building industries.

894 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The prime aim of this review article is to demonstrate the recent development and emerging applications of natural cellulose fibers and their polymer materials.

775 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is evident from the literature survey presented herein that modified cellulose-based adsorbents exhibit good potential for the removal of various aquatic pollutants, however, still there is a need to find out the practical utility of these adsorbent on a commercial scale, leading to the improvement of pollution control.

747 citations


Additional excerpts

  • ...4 glycosidic linkages (Faruk et al., 2012; Henriksson and Berglund, 2007; O'Connell et al., 2008) (Fig....

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References
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the thermo-mechanical behavior of hemp fibres by means of a dynamic mechanical analyser, which was performed at a frequency of 1-Hz, over the temperature range between 20°C and 220°C.
Abstract: In this paper, the thermo-mechanical behaviour of hemp fibres ( Cannabis sativa L . ) is investigated by means of a dynamic mechanical analyser. Experiments were performed at a frequency of 1 Hz, over the temperature range between 20 °C and 220 °C. When a periodic stress is applied to an elementary fibre, an increase in its rigidity and a decrease in its damping capacity are observed. These changes in its mechanical properties tend to stabilize after an identified number of cycles, thus providing evidence of an “adaptation” phenomenon. This specific mechanical behaviour certainly involves biochemical and/or structural modifications, such as microfibril reorientation, in the material’s organisation. In addition, the behaviour of hemp fibres is affected by temperature, which acts not only as an activation factor, but also as a degradation factor with respect to the visco-elastic properties of the fibres. The rigidity and endurance of the fibres are highly affected by thermal treatment at temperatures above 150 °C, and up to 180 °C. Taking these results into account, polypropylene–hemp fibre composites were manufactured using a specific processing cycle. By respecting the integrity of the fibres during manufacturing, it is found that with such composites, comparatively high performance can be achieved with some specific mechanical properties. This is highly encouraging for applications requiring high mechanical performance.

180 citations


"Biocomposites reinforced with natur..." refers background in this paper

  • ...Hemp fibers subjected to quasi-static tensile experiments and temperature-controlled harmonic tests revealed a complex behavior, involving several mechanisms [254]....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the development of polypropylene composites reinforced with cellulose and cellulignin fibers attained from sugarcane bagasse was investigated, and the chemical modification efficiency was verified by FTIR analysis and the fibers morphological aspects of fibers by SEM.
Abstract: This current work is concerned with the development of polypropylene composites reinforced with cellulose and cellulignin fibers attained from sugarcane bagasse. Moreover, the fibers were chemically modified by acetylating process and its effects on the fiber/matrix interaction were also evaluated. The chemical modification efficiency was verified by FTIR analysis and the fibers morphological aspects of fibers by SEM. Likewise, the influence of modified fibers content in the composites was studied by mechanical (tensile, shear and flexural tests) and thermal analyses (TGA and DSC). After the chemical modification, the FTIR results showed the appearance of acetyl groups and reduction of OH bonds for all fibers. Together with, SEM characterization showed that the acetylation changed the morphology of fibers, resulting in mechanical properties decreases, probably because of the new morphological aspect. The thermal characterization of composites based on untreated and treated cellulose and cellulignin presented intermediary stability in respect to matrix and fiber. Finally, DSC results revealed that the composites reinforced with untreated fibers were more crystalline than neat PP.

180 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the static and dynamic mechanical properties of nonwoven based flax fiber reinforced polypropylene composites were investigated. And the effect of zein modification on flax fibres was also reported.
Abstract: This paper presents an experimental study on the static and dynamic mechanical properties of nonwoven based flax fibre reinforced polypropylene composites. The effect of zein modification on flax fibres is also reported. Flax nonwovens were treated with zein coupling agent, which is a protein extracted from corn. Composites were prepared using nonwovens treated with zein solution. The tensile, flexural and impact properties of these composites were analysed and the reinforcing properties of the chemically treated composites were compared with that of untreated composites. Composites containing chemically modified flax fibres were found to possess improved mechanical properties. The viscoelastic properties of composites at different frequencies were investigated. The storage modulus of composites was found to increase with fibre content while damping properties registered a decrease. Zein coating was found to increase the storage modulus due to enhanced interfacial adhesion. The fracture mechanism of treated and untreated flax reinforced polypropylene composites was also investigated from scanning electron microscopic studies.

179 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a resin transfer molding (RTM) process was used to produce fiber mat with a moisture content of 4.3% at 50% relative humidity, and the fiber mat was dry in the mold under vacuum to reach a moisture level of around 1.2%.

179 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of varying yarn yarn linear density, textile weave configuration and stacking sequence of the textiles on the fracture behaviour and fracture toughness of the composites were investigated, and it was concluded that toughness is dominated by the fibre volume fraction, rather than the reinforcement architecture.
Abstract: Epoxy matrix composites reinforced with woven flax fibre textiles having fibre volume fractions greater than 30%, were prepared by a vacuum infusion process. The effects of varying, (i) textile yarn linear density, (ii) textile weave configuration and (iii) the stacking sequence of the textiles, on the fracture behaviour and fracture toughness ( K 1c ) of the composites, was investigated. It was found that the addition of woven textile resulted in a 2–4 times improvement in K 1c over that of the unreinforced epoxy, with a value of around 6 MPa m 1/2 being obtained for a cross-ply laminate. Both fracture behaviour and K 1c were found to be strongly dependent upon the linear density of the weft yarn and the direction of crack propagation with respect to the orientation of the textile, however, the influence of weave type was not significant. It was concluded that toughness is dominated by the fibre volume fraction, rather than the reinforcement architecture.

179 citations


"Biocomposites reinforced with natur..." refers background in this paper

  • ...The effect of bio-technical fiber modification [27], fracture behavior and toughness [28], the influence of alkaline fiber treatment on unidirectional composites [29], the effect of processing parameters [30] on the consecutive decortication stages of flax fibers (retting, scutching, and hackling) on the flax fiber reinforced epoxy composites have also been evaluated....

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