Biocomposites reinforced with natural fibers: 2000–2010
TL;DR: A comprehensive review of literature on bio-fiber reinforced composites is presented in this paper, where the overall characteristics of reinforcing fibers used in biocomposites, including source, type, structure, composition, as well as mechanical properties, are reviewed.
About: This article is published in Progress in Polymer Science.The article was published on 2012-11-01. It has received 3074 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Biocomposite & Transfer molding.
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TL;DR: Lignin is one of the three major components found in the cell walls of natural lignocellulosic materials and is widely available as a major byproduct of a number of industries involved in retrieving the polysaccharide components of plants for industrial applications, such as in paper making, ethanol production from biomass, etc.
Abstract: Rising environmental concerns and depletion of petro-chemical resources has resulted in an increased interest in biorenewable polymer-based environmentally friendly materials. Among biorenewable polymers, lignin is the second most abundant and fascinating natural polymer next to cellulose. Lignin is one of the three major components found in the cell walls of natural lignocellulosic materials. Lignin is widely available as a major byproduct of a number of industries involved in retrieving the polysaccharide components of plants for industrial applications, such as in paper making, ethanol production from biomass, etc. The impressive properties of lignin, such as its high abundance, low weight, environmentally friendliness and its antioxidant, antimicrobial, and biodegradable nature, along with its CO2 neutrality and reinforcing capability, make it an ideal candidate for the development of novel polymer composite materials. Considerable efforts are now being made to effectively utilize waste lignin as one ...
1,065 citations
TL;DR: A comprehensive review of the most appropriate and widely used natural fiber reinforced polymer composites (NFPCs) and their applications is presented in this paper. But, the results of the review are limited due to the high water absorption, inferior fire resistance, and lower mechanical properties of NFPCs.
Abstract: Natural fibers are getting attention from researchers and academician to utilize in polymer composites due to their ecofriendly nature and sustainability. The aim of this review article is to provide a comprehensive review of the foremost appropriate as well as widely used natural fiber reinforced polymer composites (NFPCs) and their applications. In addition, it presents summary of various surface treatments applied to natural fibers and their effect on NFPCs properties. The properties of NFPCs vary with fiber type and fiber source as well as fiber structure. The effects of various chemical treatments on the mechanical and thermal properties of natural fibers reinforcements thermosetting and thermoplastics composites were studied. A number of drawbacks of NFPCs like higher water absorption, inferior fire resistance, and lower mechanical properties limited its applications. Impacts of chemical treatment on the water absorption, tribology, viscoelastic behavior, relaxation behavior, energy absorption flames retardancy, and biodegradability properties of NFPCs were also highlighted. The applications of NFPCs in automobile and construction industry and other applications are demonstrated. It concluded that chemical treatment of the natural fiber improved adhesion between the fiber surface and the polymer matrix which ultimately enhanced physicomechanical and thermochemical properties of the NFPCs.
1,022 citations
Cites background from "Biocomposites reinforced with natur..."
...This structure gives to thermoset polymer good properties such as high flexibility for tailoring desired ultimate properties, great strength, and modulus [3, 4]....
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...At 65% humidity at 21C, the equilibrium moisture content of some natural fiber can be observed in Table 4 [4]....
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...The plants, which produce cellulose fibers can be classified into bast fibers (jute, flax, ramie, hemp, and kenaf), seed fibers (cotton, coir, and kapok), leaf fibers (sisal, pineapple, and abaca), grass and reed fibers (rice, corn, and wheat), and core fibers (hemp, kenaf, and jute) as well as all other kinds (wood and roots) [4]....
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...Table 1: Natural fibers in the world and their world production [4]....
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...Table 2: Chemical composition of some common natural fibers [4]....
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TL;DR: In this paper, a brief outline of work that covers in the area of biocomposites, major class of biodegradable polymers, natural fibres, as well as their manufacturing techniques and properties has been highlighted.
Abstract: The growing ecological and environmental consciousness has driven efforts for development of new innovative materials for various end-use applications. Polymers synthesized from natural resources, have gained considerable research interest in the recent years. This review paper is intended to provide a brief outline of work that covers in the area of biocomposites, major class of biodegradable polymers, natural fibres, as well as their manufacturing techniques and properties has been highlighted. Various surface modification methods were incorporated to improve the fibre–matrix adhesion resulting in the enhancement of mechanical properties of the biocomposites. Moreover, an economical impact and future direction of these materials has been critically reviewed. This review concludes that the biocomposites form one of the emerging areas in polymer science that gain attention for use in various applications ranging from automobile to the building industries.
894 citations
TL;DR: The prime aim of this review article is to demonstrate the recent development and emerging applications of natural cellulose fibers and their polymer materials.
775 citations
TL;DR: It is evident from the literature survey presented herein that modified cellulose-based adsorbents exhibit good potential for the removal of various aquatic pollutants, however, still there is a need to find out the practical utility of these adsorbent on a commercial scale, leading to the improvement of pollution control.
747 citations
Additional excerpts
...4 glycosidic linkages (Faruk et al., 2012; Henriksson and Berglund, 2007; O'Connell et al., 2008) (Fig....
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References
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01 Jan 2006
TL;DR: In this article, the cellulose nanofibers were extracted from soybean stock by chemo-mechanical treatments, and they were characterized by atomic force microscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM).
Abstract: Plant stem fibers primarily contain cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin, and lignin. These are bundles of cellulose nanofibers with a diameter ranging between 10 to 70 nm and lengths of thousands of nanometers. The mechanical performance of the cellulose nanofibers is comparable to other engineering materials such as glass fibers, carbon fibers etc. In this project, the cellulose nanofibers were extracted from soybean stock by chemo-mechanical treatments. Since they are new types of reinforced material used, the composition, dispersion and morphological properties of the nanofiber were investigated and their properties compared with those of hemp nanofibers. The matrix polymers used in this project were polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and polyethylene (PE). These nanofibers were characterized by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). X-ray diffraction (XRD) results showed the estimated crystallinity of soybean stock nanofibers. One of the major challenges faced was the incompatibility of the nanofibers and PE. To synthesize a biocomposite with PE, a number of mixing principles were explored. Improved dispersion of nanofibers was achieved by adding ethylene-acrylic oligomer emulsion as a dispersant. Selective chemical treatments increased cellulose content of soybean stock nanofibers from 41% to 61%. Nanofibers reinforced PVA films demonstrated at least a 4-5-fold increase in tensile strength, as compared to the untreated fiber/PVA film. In solid phase nanocomposites, improved mechanical properties were achieved with coated nanofibers.
166 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a rubber seed oil-based polyurethane composite reinforced with unidirectional sisal fibers was prepared and characterized, and the properties of the composite gave good thermal and mechanical properties.
166 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a modified soy protein concentrate (SPC) was used to fabricate environmentally friendly composites with micro/nano-sized bamboo fibrils (MBF) and modified SPC resins.
164 citations
TL;DR: Bourmaud et al. as discussed by the authors investigated the relationship between the mechanical properties of the fibres and those of the composites by taking the influence of the recycling into account, and obtained results that the tensile modulus of these polypropylene/vegetal fibre composites is well conserved with the number of reprocessing cycles.
161 citations
TL;DR: The use of natural fibres instead of man made fibres as reinforcements in thermoplastics gives interesting alternatives for production of low cost and ecologically friendly composites as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: The use of natural fibres instead of man made fibres, as reinforcements in thermoplastics, gives interesting alternatives for production of low cost and ecologically friendly composites In this work different commercially available semi-finished natural fibre mat reinforced thermoplastics (NMT) composites have been studied Mechanical properties and microstructure of different NMT composites were investigated and compared to conventional GMT (glass fibre mat reinforced thermoplastic) composites and pure polypropylene (PP) The study included also NMT composites manufacturing processing parameters as processing temperatures and pressure during compression moulding The results showed that NMT composites have a high stiffness compared to pure polymer and the NMT with a high fibre content (50% by weight) showed even better stiffness than the GMT The GMT composites had superior strength and impact properties compared to the NMT which might be due to the relatively low strength of the natural fibres but also to poor adhesion to the PP matrix The NMT materials showed a large dependence on direction and are therefore believed to have more fibres oriented in one direction The stronger direction (0°) of the NMT was in some cases as much as 45% better than the 90° direction
161 citations
"Biocomposites reinforced with natur..." refers background in this paper
...These studies focus on many different variables, including: comparison between NMT (natural fiber thermoplastic mat) and GMT (glass fiber thermoplastic mat) [19], the influence of fiber/matrix modification and glass fiber hybridization [20], the effect of fiber treatment on thermal and crystallization properties [21], the influence of surface treatment on interface by glycerol triacetate, thermoplastic starch, -methacryl oxypropyl trimethoxy-silane and boiled flax yarn [22], comparison of matrices (PP and PLA) on the composite properties [23], the effects of material and processing parameters [24], and the influence of processing methods [25]....
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