Biocomposites reinforced with natural fibers: 2000–2010
TL;DR: A comprehensive review of literature on bio-fiber reinforced composites is presented in this paper, where the overall characteristics of reinforcing fibers used in biocomposites, including source, type, structure, composition, as well as mechanical properties, are reviewed.
About: This article is published in Progress in Polymer Science.The article was published on 2012-11-01. It has received 3074 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Biocomposite & Transfer molding.
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TL;DR: Lignin is one of the three major components found in the cell walls of natural lignocellulosic materials and is widely available as a major byproduct of a number of industries involved in retrieving the polysaccharide components of plants for industrial applications, such as in paper making, ethanol production from biomass, etc.
Abstract: Rising environmental concerns and depletion of petro-chemical resources has resulted in an increased interest in biorenewable polymer-based environmentally friendly materials. Among biorenewable polymers, lignin is the second most abundant and fascinating natural polymer next to cellulose. Lignin is one of the three major components found in the cell walls of natural lignocellulosic materials. Lignin is widely available as a major byproduct of a number of industries involved in retrieving the polysaccharide components of plants for industrial applications, such as in paper making, ethanol production from biomass, etc. The impressive properties of lignin, such as its high abundance, low weight, environmentally friendliness and its antioxidant, antimicrobial, and biodegradable nature, along with its CO2 neutrality and reinforcing capability, make it an ideal candidate for the development of novel polymer composite materials. Considerable efforts are now being made to effectively utilize waste lignin as one ...
1,065 citations
TL;DR: A comprehensive review of the most appropriate and widely used natural fiber reinforced polymer composites (NFPCs) and their applications is presented in this paper. But, the results of the review are limited due to the high water absorption, inferior fire resistance, and lower mechanical properties of NFPCs.
Abstract: Natural fibers are getting attention from researchers and academician to utilize in polymer composites due to their ecofriendly nature and sustainability. The aim of this review article is to provide a comprehensive review of the foremost appropriate as well as widely used natural fiber reinforced polymer composites (NFPCs) and their applications. In addition, it presents summary of various surface treatments applied to natural fibers and their effect on NFPCs properties. The properties of NFPCs vary with fiber type and fiber source as well as fiber structure. The effects of various chemical treatments on the mechanical and thermal properties of natural fibers reinforcements thermosetting and thermoplastics composites were studied. A number of drawbacks of NFPCs like higher water absorption, inferior fire resistance, and lower mechanical properties limited its applications. Impacts of chemical treatment on the water absorption, tribology, viscoelastic behavior, relaxation behavior, energy absorption flames retardancy, and biodegradability properties of NFPCs were also highlighted. The applications of NFPCs in automobile and construction industry and other applications are demonstrated. It concluded that chemical treatment of the natural fiber improved adhesion between the fiber surface and the polymer matrix which ultimately enhanced physicomechanical and thermochemical properties of the NFPCs.
1,022 citations
Cites background from "Biocomposites reinforced with natur..."
...This structure gives to thermoset polymer good properties such as high flexibility for tailoring desired ultimate properties, great strength, and modulus [3, 4]....
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...At 65% humidity at 21C, the equilibrium moisture content of some natural fiber can be observed in Table 4 [4]....
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...The plants, which produce cellulose fibers can be classified into bast fibers (jute, flax, ramie, hemp, and kenaf), seed fibers (cotton, coir, and kapok), leaf fibers (sisal, pineapple, and abaca), grass and reed fibers (rice, corn, and wheat), and core fibers (hemp, kenaf, and jute) as well as all other kinds (wood and roots) [4]....
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...Table 1: Natural fibers in the world and their world production [4]....
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...Table 2: Chemical composition of some common natural fibers [4]....
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TL;DR: In this paper, a brief outline of work that covers in the area of biocomposites, major class of biodegradable polymers, natural fibres, as well as their manufacturing techniques and properties has been highlighted.
Abstract: The growing ecological and environmental consciousness has driven efforts for development of new innovative materials for various end-use applications. Polymers synthesized from natural resources, have gained considerable research interest in the recent years. This review paper is intended to provide a brief outline of work that covers in the area of biocomposites, major class of biodegradable polymers, natural fibres, as well as their manufacturing techniques and properties has been highlighted. Various surface modification methods were incorporated to improve the fibre–matrix adhesion resulting in the enhancement of mechanical properties of the biocomposites. Moreover, an economical impact and future direction of these materials has been critically reviewed. This review concludes that the biocomposites form one of the emerging areas in polymer science that gain attention for use in various applications ranging from automobile to the building industries.
894 citations
TL;DR: The prime aim of this review article is to demonstrate the recent development and emerging applications of natural cellulose fibers and their polymer materials.
775 citations
TL;DR: It is evident from the literature survey presented herein that modified cellulose-based adsorbents exhibit good potential for the removal of various aquatic pollutants, however, still there is a need to find out the practical utility of these adsorbent on a commercial scale, leading to the improvement of pollution control.
747 citations
Additional excerpts
...4 glycosidic linkages (Faruk et al., 2012; Henriksson and Berglund, 2007; O'Connell et al., 2008) (Fig....
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References
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors evaluated the relationship between fracture toughness and water absorption fatigue according to different polymer matrices such as epoxy and vinyl-ester composites and found that water uptake of the epoxy composites was found to increase with cyclic times.
148 citations
"Biocomposites reinforced with natur..." refers methods in this paper
...Kenaf [302], hemp and flax [303], oil palm [304], sisal [305,306], flax [307], sisal and hemp [308], flax, hemp and kenaf [309], lantana camara fiber [310] and sugar palm fiber [311] were reinforced with an epoxy matrix....
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TL;DR: In this article, an analysis of the water permeation and mechanical results has shown that plasma treatment improves fiber/matrix adhesion while autoclave treatment reduces water solubility in the fibers.
Abstract: In composite materials, fibers used as reinforcements are usually synthetic fibers such as glass. Since several years, for economic and environmental reasons, there has been an increasing interest in using plant fibers in composite systems. In this work, polyester composites reinforced by flax fibers submitted to helium cold plasma and/or autoclave treatments were investigated by means of water permeation measurements and mechanical tests. The analysis of the permeation and mechanical results has shown that plasma treatment improves fiber/matrix adhesion while autoclave treatment reduces water solubility in the fibers. For reinforced composites, therefore, autoclave treatment is more efficient in terms of water permeability and plasma treatment gives better stiffness in terms of mechanical properties. However, autoclave treatment followed by plasma treatment on flax fibers is recommended to obtain a good compromise for increasing both moisture resistance and stiffness of reinforced composites.
147 citations
"Biocomposites reinforced with natur..." refers methods in this paper
...Polyester composites reinforced with flax fibers, which were submitted to helium cold plasma treatment, were investigated by means of water permeation measurements and mechanical tests [192]....
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TL;DR: In this paper, a cellulose microfibril aqueous suspensions were prepared from Opuntia ficus-indica cladodes following a method previously developed for the extraction of micro-fibrils from sugar beet roots, and high performance materials were obtained because of both the very high aspect ratio of the filler and the resulting possibility of entanglements and the highly reactive surface of cellulosic filler presenting a high density of hydroxyl groups.
145 citations
TL;DR: The thermal properties of composite materials composed of polylactide (PLA) and green coconut fiber (GCF) were evaluated in this article, and the results indicated that the PLA-g-MA/GCF blend was more easily processed due to a lower melt viscosity, implying a strong connection between these characteristics and biodegradability.
144 citations
TL;DR: In this article, two surface treatments, acetylation and stearation, have been developed and applied to flax fibres and the effect of these treatments upon the interface of flax fibre/polypropylene composites is assessed by means of fragmentation tests.
Abstract: Natural fibres have attracted much attention recently for use as reinforcing agents in composite materials. However, even though natural fibres possess many advantages over glass fibres, such as lower density, lower cost and recycleability, they are not totally free of problems. Natural fibres are comprised mostly of cellulose, a highly hydrophilic macromolecule with strong polarity and, as a result, problems of compatibility with very apolar matrices (e.g. polyolefins) almost certainly arise. Surface treatments, although having a negative impact on economics, may improve the compatibility and strengthen the interface in natural fibre composite materials. In Part I of the present study two such surface treatments, acetylation and stearation, have been developed and applied to flax fibres. In this second part, the effect of these treatments upon the interface of flax fibre/polypropylene composites is assessed by means of fragmentation tests. It has been found that both treatments led to improvement of the stress transfer efficiency at the interface, and both applied treatments were optimised, accordingly.
144 citations