Biocomposites reinforced with natural fibers: 2000–2010
TL;DR: A comprehensive review of literature on bio-fiber reinforced composites is presented in this paper, where the overall characteristics of reinforcing fibers used in biocomposites, including source, type, structure, composition, as well as mechanical properties, are reviewed.
About: This article is published in Progress in Polymer Science.The article was published on 2012-11-01. It has received 3074 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Biocomposite & Transfer molding.
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TL;DR: Lignin is one of the three major components found in the cell walls of natural lignocellulosic materials and is widely available as a major byproduct of a number of industries involved in retrieving the polysaccharide components of plants for industrial applications, such as in paper making, ethanol production from biomass, etc.
Abstract: Rising environmental concerns and depletion of petro-chemical resources has resulted in an increased interest in biorenewable polymer-based environmentally friendly materials. Among biorenewable polymers, lignin is the second most abundant and fascinating natural polymer next to cellulose. Lignin is one of the three major components found in the cell walls of natural lignocellulosic materials. Lignin is widely available as a major byproduct of a number of industries involved in retrieving the polysaccharide components of plants for industrial applications, such as in paper making, ethanol production from biomass, etc. The impressive properties of lignin, such as its high abundance, low weight, environmentally friendliness and its antioxidant, antimicrobial, and biodegradable nature, along with its CO2 neutrality and reinforcing capability, make it an ideal candidate for the development of novel polymer composite materials. Considerable efforts are now being made to effectively utilize waste lignin as one ...
1,065 citations
TL;DR: A comprehensive review of the most appropriate and widely used natural fiber reinforced polymer composites (NFPCs) and their applications is presented in this paper. But, the results of the review are limited due to the high water absorption, inferior fire resistance, and lower mechanical properties of NFPCs.
Abstract: Natural fibers are getting attention from researchers and academician to utilize in polymer composites due to their ecofriendly nature and sustainability. The aim of this review article is to provide a comprehensive review of the foremost appropriate as well as widely used natural fiber reinforced polymer composites (NFPCs) and their applications. In addition, it presents summary of various surface treatments applied to natural fibers and their effect on NFPCs properties. The properties of NFPCs vary with fiber type and fiber source as well as fiber structure. The effects of various chemical treatments on the mechanical and thermal properties of natural fibers reinforcements thermosetting and thermoplastics composites were studied. A number of drawbacks of NFPCs like higher water absorption, inferior fire resistance, and lower mechanical properties limited its applications. Impacts of chemical treatment on the water absorption, tribology, viscoelastic behavior, relaxation behavior, energy absorption flames retardancy, and biodegradability properties of NFPCs were also highlighted. The applications of NFPCs in automobile and construction industry and other applications are demonstrated. It concluded that chemical treatment of the natural fiber improved adhesion between the fiber surface and the polymer matrix which ultimately enhanced physicomechanical and thermochemical properties of the NFPCs.
1,022 citations
Cites background from "Biocomposites reinforced with natur..."
...This structure gives to thermoset polymer good properties such as high flexibility for tailoring desired ultimate properties, great strength, and modulus [3, 4]....
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...At 65% humidity at 21C, the equilibrium moisture content of some natural fiber can be observed in Table 4 [4]....
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...The plants, which produce cellulose fibers can be classified into bast fibers (jute, flax, ramie, hemp, and kenaf), seed fibers (cotton, coir, and kapok), leaf fibers (sisal, pineapple, and abaca), grass and reed fibers (rice, corn, and wheat), and core fibers (hemp, kenaf, and jute) as well as all other kinds (wood and roots) [4]....
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...Table 1: Natural fibers in the world and their world production [4]....
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...Table 2: Chemical composition of some common natural fibers [4]....
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TL;DR: In this paper, a brief outline of work that covers in the area of biocomposites, major class of biodegradable polymers, natural fibres, as well as their manufacturing techniques and properties has been highlighted.
Abstract: The growing ecological and environmental consciousness has driven efforts for development of new innovative materials for various end-use applications. Polymers synthesized from natural resources, have gained considerable research interest in the recent years. This review paper is intended to provide a brief outline of work that covers in the area of biocomposites, major class of biodegradable polymers, natural fibres, as well as their manufacturing techniques and properties has been highlighted. Various surface modification methods were incorporated to improve the fibre–matrix adhesion resulting in the enhancement of mechanical properties of the biocomposites. Moreover, an economical impact and future direction of these materials has been critically reviewed. This review concludes that the biocomposites form one of the emerging areas in polymer science that gain attention for use in various applications ranging from automobile to the building industries.
894 citations
TL;DR: The prime aim of this review article is to demonstrate the recent development and emerging applications of natural cellulose fibers and their polymer materials.
775 citations
TL;DR: It is evident from the literature survey presented herein that modified cellulose-based adsorbents exhibit good potential for the removal of various aquatic pollutants, however, still there is a need to find out the practical utility of these adsorbent on a commercial scale, leading to the improvement of pollution control.
747 citations
Additional excerpts
...4 glycosidic linkages (Faruk et al., 2012; Henriksson and Berglund, 2007; O'Connell et al., 2008) (Fig....
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References
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TL;DR: In this article, the cellulosic residue was made up of disencrusted cell-ghosts, having ovoid or elongated shapes, as revealed by optical microscopy.
122 citations
"Biocomposites reinforced with natur..." refers background in this paper
...In the literature there are reports of cellulose nano/microfibril extraction from diverse non-wood sources including hemp fibers [481,482], sugar beet pulp [483,484], potato pulp [485], swede root [486], bagasse [487–491], sisal [492,493], algae [494], stems of cacti [495,496], banana rachis [497], flax fibers [498,499], plantain [500], water hyacinth [501], bamboo [502], coir [503], pea hull [504], pineapple leaf [505], and wheat straw [506]....
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated using chelator treatment, and combined chelator and enzyme treatments, to separate hemp fibre from its bundles, as well as remove noncellulosic compounds, and thus therefore improve the interfacial bonding in the composite.
122 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the value of Fickian diffusivity constant, moisture equilibrium content and correction factor for the natural fiber composites were investigated, which was a combination of sugar palm fiber and epoxy resins and two different fiber compositions were chosen which were 10% and 20% by weight.
122 citations
"Biocomposites reinforced with natur..." refers methods in this paper
...Kenaf [302], hemp and flax [303], oil palm [304], sisal [305,306], flax [307], sisal and hemp [308], flax, hemp and kenaf [309], lantana camara fiber [310] and sugar palm fiber [311] were reinforced with an epoxy matrix....
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors evaluated the effects of accelerated carbonation on the mechanical and physical characteristics of concrete roofing tiles reinforced with vegetable fiber and found that the maximum load and toughness of the tiles increased approximately 25% and 80% respectively.
121 citations
Additional excerpts
...Investigations were also carried out using cement as a matrix for sisal fiber reinforced composites focusing on their cracking micro-mechanisms [92], and the effects of accelerated carbonation on cementitious roofing [93]....
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15 Feb 2007-Materials Science and Engineering A-structural Materials Properties Microstructure and Processing
TL;DR: In this article, the carbon, oxygen and hydrogen contents of fibers obtained from the outer layer of water bamboo were chemically modified by coupling agents, and the modified fibers and untreated powders were respectively added to epoxy resin to form novel reinforced composites.
Abstract: Water bamboo husk is one of the major agricultural wastes in Taiwan. The carbon, oxygen and hydrogen contents of fibers obtained from the outer layer of water bamboo are 40.35, 46.20 and 6.60%, respectively. In this study, the fibers obtained from water bamboo husks were chemically modified by coupling agents. Moreover, the powders obtained from water bamboo husks were also used, but without chemical modification. Furthermore, the modified fibers and untreated powders were, respectively, added to epoxy resin to form novel reinforced composites. Morphologies, mechanical properties and heat resistance of these water bamboo husk reinforced composites were investigated. The results indicate that the fiber is cellulose I type. The morphology analysis reveals that the fibers modified by coupling agents exhibited better compatibility with the polymer matrices than the untreated fibers did. Moreover, the thermal resistance was improved as the plant fibers and powders were individually incorporated to those polymers. The increments of char yields of epoxy were about 13.5–52.8% with the addition of 10% fiber or powder. It is also found that the glass transition temperature of epoxy was increased to be about 8–18 °C higher than that of the pristine sample. In addition, the mechanical properties were also enhanced due to the addition of coupling agent treated fibers and untreated powders. The increments of storage moduli of epoxy were about 16.4 and 36.1% with the addition of 10% coupling agent treated fibers and untreated powders, respectively.
120 citations