Biocomposites reinforced with natural fibers: 2000–2010
TL;DR: A comprehensive review of literature on bio-fiber reinforced composites is presented in this paper, where the overall characteristics of reinforcing fibers used in biocomposites, including source, type, structure, composition, as well as mechanical properties, are reviewed.
About: This article is published in Progress in Polymer Science.The article was published on 2012-11-01. It has received 3074 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Biocomposite & Transfer molding.
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TL;DR: Lignin is one of the three major components found in the cell walls of natural lignocellulosic materials and is widely available as a major byproduct of a number of industries involved in retrieving the polysaccharide components of plants for industrial applications, such as in paper making, ethanol production from biomass, etc.
Abstract: Rising environmental concerns and depletion of petro-chemical resources has resulted in an increased interest in biorenewable polymer-based environmentally friendly materials. Among biorenewable polymers, lignin is the second most abundant and fascinating natural polymer next to cellulose. Lignin is one of the three major components found in the cell walls of natural lignocellulosic materials. Lignin is widely available as a major byproduct of a number of industries involved in retrieving the polysaccharide components of plants for industrial applications, such as in paper making, ethanol production from biomass, etc. The impressive properties of lignin, such as its high abundance, low weight, environmentally friendliness and its antioxidant, antimicrobial, and biodegradable nature, along with its CO2 neutrality and reinforcing capability, make it an ideal candidate for the development of novel polymer composite materials. Considerable efforts are now being made to effectively utilize waste lignin as one ...
1,065 citations
TL;DR: A comprehensive review of the most appropriate and widely used natural fiber reinforced polymer composites (NFPCs) and their applications is presented in this paper. But, the results of the review are limited due to the high water absorption, inferior fire resistance, and lower mechanical properties of NFPCs.
Abstract: Natural fibers are getting attention from researchers and academician to utilize in polymer composites due to their ecofriendly nature and sustainability. The aim of this review article is to provide a comprehensive review of the foremost appropriate as well as widely used natural fiber reinforced polymer composites (NFPCs) and their applications. In addition, it presents summary of various surface treatments applied to natural fibers and their effect on NFPCs properties. The properties of NFPCs vary with fiber type and fiber source as well as fiber structure. The effects of various chemical treatments on the mechanical and thermal properties of natural fibers reinforcements thermosetting and thermoplastics composites were studied. A number of drawbacks of NFPCs like higher water absorption, inferior fire resistance, and lower mechanical properties limited its applications. Impacts of chemical treatment on the water absorption, tribology, viscoelastic behavior, relaxation behavior, energy absorption flames retardancy, and biodegradability properties of NFPCs were also highlighted. The applications of NFPCs in automobile and construction industry and other applications are demonstrated. It concluded that chemical treatment of the natural fiber improved adhesion between the fiber surface and the polymer matrix which ultimately enhanced physicomechanical and thermochemical properties of the NFPCs.
1,022 citations
Cites background from "Biocomposites reinforced with natur..."
...This structure gives to thermoset polymer good properties such as high flexibility for tailoring desired ultimate properties, great strength, and modulus [3, 4]....
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...At 65% humidity at 21C, the equilibrium moisture content of some natural fiber can be observed in Table 4 [4]....
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...The plants, which produce cellulose fibers can be classified into bast fibers (jute, flax, ramie, hemp, and kenaf), seed fibers (cotton, coir, and kapok), leaf fibers (sisal, pineapple, and abaca), grass and reed fibers (rice, corn, and wheat), and core fibers (hemp, kenaf, and jute) as well as all other kinds (wood and roots) [4]....
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...Table 1: Natural fibers in the world and their world production [4]....
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...Table 2: Chemical composition of some common natural fibers [4]....
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TL;DR: In this paper, a brief outline of work that covers in the area of biocomposites, major class of biodegradable polymers, natural fibres, as well as their manufacturing techniques and properties has been highlighted.
Abstract: The growing ecological and environmental consciousness has driven efforts for development of new innovative materials for various end-use applications. Polymers synthesized from natural resources, have gained considerable research interest in the recent years. This review paper is intended to provide a brief outline of work that covers in the area of biocomposites, major class of biodegradable polymers, natural fibres, as well as their manufacturing techniques and properties has been highlighted. Various surface modification methods were incorporated to improve the fibre–matrix adhesion resulting in the enhancement of mechanical properties of the biocomposites. Moreover, an economical impact and future direction of these materials has been critically reviewed. This review concludes that the biocomposites form one of the emerging areas in polymer science that gain attention for use in various applications ranging from automobile to the building industries.
894 citations
TL;DR: The prime aim of this review article is to demonstrate the recent development and emerging applications of natural cellulose fibers and their polymer materials.
775 citations
TL;DR: It is evident from the literature survey presented herein that modified cellulose-based adsorbents exhibit good potential for the removal of various aquatic pollutants, however, still there is a need to find out the practical utility of these adsorbent on a commercial scale, leading to the improvement of pollution control.
747 citations
Additional excerpts
...4 glycosidic linkages (Faruk et al., 2012; Henriksson and Berglund, 2007; O'Connell et al., 2008) (Fig....
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References
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TL;DR: In this article, periodic cellular beams and plates were made from industrial hemp and flax fibers with unsaturated polyester resins and compared with results from short-fiber composite micro-mechanics models and sandwich analyses.
Abstract: Natural fiber composites, or biocomposites, have recently gained much attention due to their low cost, environmental friendliness, and their potential to compete with glass-fiber composites. The reported study demonstrates that biocomposites can be used for load-bearing components by improving their structural efficiency through cellular material arrangements. Laboratory-scale periodic cellular beams and plates were made from industrial hemp and flax fibers with unsaturated polyester resin. Material and structural performance was experimentally assessed and compared with results from short-fiber composite micro-mechanics models and sandwich analyses. Short-term analytical evaluation of full-scale cellular biocomposite components indicates that they can compete with components made from conventional materials.
91 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the molecular structures of the lignins were analyzed for the first time using UV-visible spectroscopy and 31 P-NMR spectrometry, and the total phenolic content was found to be low for annual plant lignin, with more phenolic guaiacyl units than syringyl ones.
90 citations
15 May 2010-Materials Science and Engineering A-structural Materials Properties Microstructure and Processing
TL;DR: In this paper, the flexural and indentation behavior of pultruded jute/glass and kenaf/glass hybrid polyester composites has been monitored using acoustic emission.
Abstract: The flexural (before and after cyclic loading up to 50% of ultimate load) and indentation behaviour of pultruded jute/glass and kenaf/glass hybrid polyester composites has been monitored using acoustic emission, and compared with that of kenaf fiber composites. In all hybrids, natural fiber content was 40 wt.%, while glass fiber one was 25 wt.%. Acoustic emission (AE) has been used for real-time monitoring during flexural and indentation loading: the analysis concentrated on AE resuming during reloading (Felicity ratio) and AE activity at low loads during unloading (crack closure effect). The results show that the introduction of this large amount of reinforcement appears quite effective on jute fiber reinforced laminates, although with a significant effect of fiber architecture, whilst it did not yield comparable results in kenaf fiber laminates. This was attributed to the insufficient fiber impregnation and to the need for improving the control of fiber orientation in the laminate.
89 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of processing conditions (temperature, speed of rotation, and time of mixing) and alkaline treatment on the dimensions of sisal fiber was studied and the length and diameter of the initial fibers were reduced during mixing and this effect was correlated to the magnitude of shear stress developed in the mixer.
Abstract: Biodegradable composites based on treated and untreated sisal fiber and mater Bi-Z were processed using an internal batch mixer. The effect of processing conditions (temperature, speed of rotation, and time of mixing) and alkaline treatment on the dimensions of sisal fiber was studied. The length and diameter of the initial fibers were reduced during mixing and this effect was correlated to the magnitude of the shear stress developed in the mixer. An increase of the speed of rotation and/or a reduction of temperature produced fibers of smaller dimensions but with a higher aspect ratio l/d. Alkaline treatment increased the kinetics associated to the reduction of the fiber's dimensions. A semiempirical model was employed to predict the size of the fibers versus the time of mixing. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 79: 1084–1091, 2001
89 citations
"Biocomposites reinforced with natur..." refers background in this paper
...Ramie fiber [206], green coconut fiber [207], sisal [208], jute [209] and coir [210] fibers were alkalized and their properties evaluated....
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TL;DR: Experiments to investigate the effectiveness of microwave curing of natural fiber reinforced composites have been performed as discussed by the authors, where differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM), and swept frequency diagnostic method were used to investigate material properties.
89 citations
"Biocomposites reinforced with natur..." refers methods in this paper
...Kenaf [302], hemp and flax [303], oil palm [304], sisal [305,306], flax [307], sisal and hemp [308], flax, hemp and kenaf [309], lantana camara fiber [310] and sugar palm fiber [311] were reinforced with an epoxy matrix....
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