Biocomposites reinforced with natural fibers: 2000–2010
TL;DR: A comprehensive review of literature on bio-fiber reinforced composites is presented in this paper, where the overall characteristics of reinforcing fibers used in biocomposites, including source, type, structure, composition, as well as mechanical properties, are reviewed.
About: This article is published in Progress in Polymer Science.The article was published on 2012-11-01. It has received 3074 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Biocomposite & Transfer molding.
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TL;DR: Lignin is one of the three major components found in the cell walls of natural lignocellulosic materials and is widely available as a major byproduct of a number of industries involved in retrieving the polysaccharide components of plants for industrial applications, such as in paper making, ethanol production from biomass, etc.
Abstract: Rising environmental concerns and depletion of petro-chemical resources has resulted in an increased interest in biorenewable polymer-based environmentally friendly materials. Among biorenewable polymers, lignin is the second most abundant and fascinating natural polymer next to cellulose. Lignin is one of the three major components found in the cell walls of natural lignocellulosic materials. Lignin is widely available as a major byproduct of a number of industries involved in retrieving the polysaccharide components of plants for industrial applications, such as in paper making, ethanol production from biomass, etc. The impressive properties of lignin, such as its high abundance, low weight, environmentally friendliness and its antioxidant, antimicrobial, and biodegradable nature, along with its CO2 neutrality and reinforcing capability, make it an ideal candidate for the development of novel polymer composite materials. Considerable efforts are now being made to effectively utilize waste lignin as one ...
1,065 citations
TL;DR: A comprehensive review of the most appropriate and widely used natural fiber reinforced polymer composites (NFPCs) and their applications is presented in this paper. But, the results of the review are limited due to the high water absorption, inferior fire resistance, and lower mechanical properties of NFPCs.
Abstract: Natural fibers are getting attention from researchers and academician to utilize in polymer composites due to their ecofriendly nature and sustainability. The aim of this review article is to provide a comprehensive review of the foremost appropriate as well as widely used natural fiber reinforced polymer composites (NFPCs) and their applications. In addition, it presents summary of various surface treatments applied to natural fibers and their effect on NFPCs properties. The properties of NFPCs vary with fiber type and fiber source as well as fiber structure. The effects of various chemical treatments on the mechanical and thermal properties of natural fibers reinforcements thermosetting and thermoplastics composites were studied. A number of drawbacks of NFPCs like higher water absorption, inferior fire resistance, and lower mechanical properties limited its applications. Impacts of chemical treatment on the water absorption, tribology, viscoelastic behavior, relaxation behavior, energy absorption flames retardancy, and biodegradability properties of NFPCs were also highlighted. The applications of NFPCs in automobile and construction industry and other applications are demonstrated. It concluded that chemical treatment of the natural fiber improved adhesion between the fiber surface and the polymer matrix which ultimately enhanced physicomechanical and thermochemical properties of the NFPCs.
1,022 citations
Cites background from "Biocomposites reinforced with natur..."
...This structure gives to thermoset polymer good properties such as high flexibility for tailoring desired ultimate properties, great strength, and modulus [3, 4]....
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...At 65% humidity at 21C, the equilibrium moisture content of some natural fiber can be observed in Table 4 [4]....
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...The plants, which produce cellulose fibers can be classified into bast fibers (jute, flax, ramie, hemp, and kenaf), seed fibers (cotton, coir, and kapok), leaf fibers (sisal, pineapple, and abaca), grass and reed fibers (rice, corn, and wheat), and core fibers (hemp, kenaf, and jute) as well as all other kinds (wood and roots) [4]....
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...Table 1: Natural fibers in the world and their world production [4]....
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...Table 2: Chemical composition of some common natural fibers [4]....
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TL;DR: In this paper, a brief outline of work that covers in the area of biocomposites, major class of biodegradable polymers, natural fibres, as well as their manufacturing techniques and properties has been highlighted.
Abstract: The growing ecological and environmental consciousness has driven efforts for development of new innovative materials for various end-use applications. Polymers synthesized from natural resources, have gained considerable research interest in the recent years. This review paper is intended to provide a brief outline of work that covers in the area of biocomposites, major class of biodegradable polymers, natural fibres, as well as their manufacturing techniques and properties has been highlighted. Various surface modification methods were incorporated to improve the fibre–matrix adhesion resulting in the enhancement of mechanical properties of the biocomposites. Moreover, an economical impact and future direction of these materials has been critically reviewed. This review concludes that the biocomposites form one of the emerging areas in polymer science that gain attention for use in various applications ranging from automobile to the building industries.
894 citations
TL;DR: The prime aim of this review article is to demonstrate the recent development and emerging applications of natural cellulose fibers and their polymer materials.
775 citations
TL;DR: It is evident from the literature survey presented herein that modified cellulose-based adsorbents exhibit good potential for the removal of various aquatic pollutants, however, still there is a need to find out the practical utility of these adsorbent on a commercial scale, leading to the improvement of pollution control.
747 citations
Additional excerpts
...4 glycosidic linkages (Faruk et al., 2012; Henriksson and Berglund, 2007; O'Connell et al., 2008) (Fig....
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References
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TL;DR: In this article, the effects of partial replacement of oil palm wood flour (OPWF) by silica and silane coupling agent on mechanical properties and curing characteristics of natural rubber compounds were investigated.
39 citations
Additional excerpts
...[200,201] treated oil palm empty fruit bunch and coir fibers with silane coupling agents and found that with the addition of silane, the scorch time and cure time increased....
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TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of extracted EFB on processability, impact, and flexural properties of composite polyvinyl chloride (PVC-U) composites were investigated.
Abstract: The use of oil palm empty fruit bunch fiber (EFB) as reinforcement in the unplasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC-U) is a new attraction in the thermoplastic composite technology The objectives of this study are to investigate the effects of extracted EFB on processability, impact, and flexural properties of PVC-U composites A soxhlet extraction was used to extract the extractives from the EFB fibers The identification of the related functional groups present in the concentrated extract was analyzed using FTIR To produce composites, PVC resin, EFB fiber, and other additives were first dry-blended using a heavy-duty laboratory mixer before being milled into sheets on a two-roll mill Test specimens were then hot pressed after which the impact and flexural properties were determined The processability studies of dry blends were carried out using a Brabender Torque Rheometer model PL2200 The FTIR analysis showed that the oil residue was successfully extracted from EFB fibers Both the extracted and une
38 citations
"Biocomposites reinforced with natur..." refers background in this paper
...[162,163] investigated the effect of oil palm empty fruit bunch and acrylic impact modifier on mechanical properties and influence of oil extraction of oil palm empty fruit bunch on the processability of PVC composites....
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TL;DR: In this article, the surface of the kenaf fiber was modified using a synthesized polymeric coupling agent to promote adhesion with polystyrene (PS) matrix, which increased the fiber-matrix interaction through a condensation reaction between alkoxysilane and hydroxyl groups of Kenaf cellulose.
Abstract: In order to improve the poor interfacial adhesion of the kenaf fiber and polystyrene (PS) in their composite mate- rial, the surface of the kenaf fiber was modified using a synthesized polymeric coupling agent to promote adhesion with PS matrix. The dynamic thermo-mechanical properties of the composite composed of modified kenaf fiber and PS were also investigated. The polymeric coupling agent treatment of the kenaf fiber increased the fiber-matrix interaction through a condensation reaction between alkoxysilane and hydroxyl groups of kenaf cellulose. DMA (Dynamic Mechanical Thermal Analysis) results showed that the modified fiber composites have higher Eand lower tanδ than those with untreated fiber indicating that a greater interfacial interaction between the matrix resin and the fiber. It was also found that the storage modulus increases in proportion with the Si/C ratio on the fiber surface.
38 citations
"Biocomposites reinforced with natur..." refers methods in this paper
...The surface of the kenaf fiber was modified using a silane coupling agent to promote adhesion with the PS matrix [197]....
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TL;DR: In this paper, the synthesis and characterization of Grewia Optiva fiber reinforced Phenol-Formaldehyde (PF) matrix-based polymer composites through compression molded technique have been reported.
Abstract: In present communication, synthesis and characterization of Grewia Optiva fiber reinforced Phenol-Formaldehyde (PF) matrix-based polymer composites through compression molded technique have been reported. The work carried out reveals that mechanical properties of the PF resin increases to extensive extent when reinforced with Grewia Optiva fibers. Thermal (TGA/DTA/DTG) and morphological studies (SEM) of polymer composites thus synthesized have also been carried out to access the applications of polymer composite materials in daily life.
38 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the tensile deformation behavior of the green composites reinforced with ramie woven fabrics at high temperature was investigated, and the results showed that the fracture strain at high temperatures increases larger than that of room temperature.
Abstract: In recent years, research and development of materials using biomass sources are much expected to construct a sustainable society. The so-called green composite consisting of natural fibers and biodegradable resin, is one of the most promising materials in developing biomass products. In this study, especially, we focus on the tensile deformation behavior of the green composites reinforced with ramie woven fabrics at high temperature. The results show that the fracture strain at high temperatures increases larger than that of room temperature, and initial deformation resistance of the composites seen at room temperature does not appear at high temperatures. Thus, several conditions to cause more deformability of the green composites were found. Finally, in order to utilize such deformability, Lankford-values of the green composites were clarified, and deep drawing was carried out for sheet materials made of the green composites.
37 citations
"Biocomposites reinforced with natur..." refers background in this paper
...The effects of hybridization and the chemical modification of oil palm/sisal fiber reinforced natural rubber composites [448,449], the effects of high temperature on ramie fiber/biodegradable resin composites [450], effect of...
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