Biocomposites reinforced with natural fibers: 2000–2010
TL;DR: A comprehensive review of literature on bio-fiber reinforced composites is presented in this paper, where the overall characteristics of reinforcing fibers used in biocomposites, including source, type, structure, composition, as well as mechanical properties, are reviewed.
About: This article is published in Progress in Polymer Science.The article was published on 2012-11-01. It has received 3074 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Biocomposite & Transfer molding.
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TL;DR: Lignin is one of the three major components found in the cell walls of natural lignocellulosic materials and is widely available as a major byproduct of a number of industries involved in retrieving the polysaccharide components of plants for industrial applications, such as in paper making, ethanol production from biomass, etc.
Abstract: Rising environmental concerns and depletion of petro-chemical resources has resulted in an increased interest in biorenewable polymer-based environmentally friendly materials. Among biorenewable polymers, lignin is the second most abundant and fascinating natural polymer next to cellulose. Lignin is one of the three major components found in the cell walls of natural lignocellulosic materials. Lignin is widely available as a major byproduct of a number of industries involved in retrieving the polysaccharide components of plants for industrial applications, such as in paper making, ethanol production from biomass, etc. The impressive properties of lignin, such as its high abundance, low weight, environmentally friendliness and its antioxidant, antimicrobial, and biodegradable nature, along with its CO2 neutrality and reinforcing capability, make it an ideal candidate for the development of novel polymer composite materials. Considerable efforts are now being made to effectively utilize waste lignin as one ...
1,065 citations
TL;DR: A comprehensive review of the most appropriate and widely used natural fiber reinforced polymer composites (NFPCs) and their applications is presented in this paper. But, the results of the review are limited due to the high water absorption, inferior fire resistance, and lower mechanical properties of NFPCs.
Abstract: Natural fibers are getting attention from researchers and academician to utilize in polymer composites due to their ecofriendly nature and sustainability. The aim of this review article is to provide a comprehensive review of the foremost appropriate as well as widely used natural fiber reinforced polymer composites (NFPCs) and their applications. In addition, it presents summary of various surface treatments applied to natural fibers and their effect on NFPCs properties. The properties of NFPCs vary with fiber type and fiber source as well as fiber structure. The effects of various chemical treatments on the mechanical and thermal properties of natural fibers reinforcements thermosetting and thermoplastics composites were studied. A number of drawbacks of NFPCs like higher water absorption, inferior fire resistance, and lower mechanical properties limited its applications. Impacts of chemical treatment on the water absorption, tribology, viscoelastic behavior, relaxation behavior, energy absorption flames retardancy, and biodegradability properties of NFPCs were also highlighted. The applications of NFPCs in automobile and construction industry and other applications are demonstrated. It concluded that chemical treatment of the natural fiber improved adhesion between the fiber surface and the polymer matrix which ultimately enhanced physicomechanical and thermochemical properties of the NFPCs.
1,022 citations
Cites background from "Biocomposites reinforced with natur..."
...This structure gives to thermoset polymer good properties such as high flexibility for tailoring desired ultimate properties, great strength, and modulus [3, 4]....
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...At 65% humidity at 21C, the equilibrium moisture content of some natural fiber can be observed in Table 4 [4]....
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...The plants, which produce cellulose fibers can be classified into bast fibers (jute, flax, ramie, hemp, and kenaf), seed fibers (cotton, coir, and kapok), leaf fibers (sisal, pineapple, and abaca), grass and reed fibers (rice, corn, and wheat), and core fibers (hemp, kenaf, and jute) as well as all other kinds (wood and roots) [4]....
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...Table 1: Natural fibers in the world and their world production [4]....
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...Table 2: Chemical composition of some common natural fibers [4]....
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TL;DR: In this paper, a brief outline of work that covers in the area of biocomposites, major class of biodegradable polymers, natural fibres, as well as their manufacturing techniques and properties has been highlighted.
Abstract: The growing ecological and environmental consciousness has driven efforts for development of new innovative materials for various end-use applications. Polymers synthesized from natural resources, have gained considerable research interest in the recent years. This review paper is intended to provide a brief outline of work that covers in the area of biocomposites, major class of biodegradable polymers, natural fibres, as well as their manufacturing techniques and properties has been highlighted. Various surface modification methods were incorporated to improve the fibre–matrix adhesion resulting in the enhancement of mechanical properties of the biocomposites. Moreover, an economical impact and future direction of these materials has been critically reviewed. This review concludes that the biocomposites form one of the emerging areas in polymer science that gain attention for use in various applications ranging from automobile to the building industries.
894 citations
TL;DR: The prime aim of this review article is to demonstrate the recent development and emerging applications of natural cellulose fibers and their polymer materials.
775 citations
TL;DR: It is evident from the literature survey presented herein that modified cellulose-based adsorbents exhibit good potential for the removal of various aquatic pollutants, however, still there is a need to find out the practical utility of these adsorbent on a commercial scale, leading to the improvement of pollution control.
747 citations
Additional excerpts
...4 glycosidic linkages (Faruk et al., 2012; Henriksson and Berglund, 2007; O'Connell et al., 2008) (Fig....
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References
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TL;DR: In this article, the use of the cotton fibres in composites compared to ramie fibres is discussed and the results demonstrate the important role force-elongation characteristics of fibre play in optimising the properties of natural fibre composites.
Abstract: Natural fibres offer an interesting alternative to petrochemical products. Reclaimed cotton is mainly used as a low cost fibre to “fill” composites used as interior parts in the automotive industry. Mechanical requirements of such composites are low and the potential of the cotton-fibre to reinforce plastics is not used adequately. This paper gives background information and discusses the use of the cotton fibres in composites compared to ramie fibres. In this study the fibre strength was tested with a Dia-Stron device, fineness was tested with Fibreshape. A roller card is well suited to process fibres to a multi layer web. Cotton and ramie fibres were embedded in epoxy resin and a bio-based resin PTP®. The composites were tested for impact and tensile properties. The results show that mechanical properties of the composites are strongly influenced by fibre properties. The data and results demonstrate the important role force-elongation characteristics of fibre play in optimising the properties of natural fibre composites. Cotton with its morphological and mechanical properties can play a more crucial role to optimise products with a view to improve the impact properties.
36 citations
"Biocomposites reinforced with natur..." refers methods in this paper
...Ramie fibers were also reinforced using polyester [122,123], epoxy–bioresin [124], soy protein [125,126], epoxy [127] and PP [128] for the matrix....
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TL;DR: In this paper, composites based on powder phenolic matrices (novolac) and both untreated and alkali treated bamboo fibers were developed by a compression molding technique.
Abstract: The present study aims at development of composites based on powdered phenolic matrices (novolac) and both untreated and alkali treated bamboo fibers by a compression molding technique. Bamboo strips were treated with varying concentration (10, 15, and 20%) of caustic soda solution. The concentration of alkali solution used for treatment is the main influencing factor on the dynamic mechanical and thermal properties. The composites were evaluated by means of dynamic mechanical and differential scanning calorimetry analysis. The results reveal that the elastic and thermal properties are also dependent on the concentration of alkali used for treatment. DSC study reveals that the thermal stability of the cured resin has been lowered by the incorporation of the resin, though the alkali treatment of the fiber imparts better thermal stability to the composites than the untreated one. DMT analysis reveals that the dynamic mechanical properties are best with 20% alkali-treated fiber composites. The success of com...
35 citations
"Biocomposites reinforced with natur..." refers methods in this paper
...Bamboo [317], jute [318,319], date palm fiber [320], and grewia optiva fiber [321] were also investigated with phenol formaldehyde resin as a matrix....
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TL;DR: In this paper, the thermal conductivity, tensile strength, and deformation of several kinds of thermoplastic composites composing of 50% polypropylene (PP) and 50% natural fiber irradiated by the electron beam (energy: 0.5-MeV, dose: 0-20kGy) were measured.
35 citations
Additional excerpts
...Variations of the mechanical and thermal properties induced by the exposure of kenaf fiber reinforced composites with PP to electron beam radiation [74], the comparison of kenaf/PP composites with feather fiber/PP, recycled kraft pulp fiber/PP, and recycled news pulp fiber/PP composites [75] and, surface modified kenaf fibers with modified polyester resin as matrix [76], and influence of toughening by natural rubber on kenaf fibers with polyester resin as matrix [77] were also evaluated....
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TL;DR: In this paper, the withdrawal strength of nail and screw fasteners has been studied in rice straw fiber-thermoplastic composites, and the results showed that the removal strength of screws is more than that of nails.
34 citations
"Biocomposites reinforced with natur..." refers methods in this paper
...Similar investigations (PE as matrix) were carried out using soya powder [244], curaua [245], rape straw [246,247], hemp [248], rice straw [249], bagasse [250] rice hull fibers [251] and LDPE as matrixes with wheat straw [252], abaca, bagasse and rice straw fibers [253]....
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TL;DR: In this article, the effects of recycling process on long-term water absorption, thickness swelling and water desorption behavior of natural fiber polypropylene composites is reported, which is attributed to changes in physical and chemical properties of the composites induced by the recycling process.
Abstract: Detailed analysis of the effects of recycling process on long-term water absorption, thickness swelling and water desorption behavior of natural fiber polypropylene composites is reported. Composite materials containing polypropylene and wood flour, rice hulls or bagasse fibers were produced at constant fiber loading and were exposed to a simulated recycling process consisting of up to five times grinding and reprocessing under controlled conditions. A wide range of analytical methods including water absorption/desorption tests, thickness swelling tests, density measurement, scanning electron microscopy, image analysis, contact angle, fiber length analysis and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was employed to understand the hygroscopic behavior of the recycled composites. Water absorption and thickness swelling behaviors were modeled using existing predictive models. Results indicated that generally the recycled composites had considerably lower water absorption and thickness swellings as compared with the original composites which were attributed to changes in physical and chemical properties of the composites induced by the recycling process.
33 citations
"Biocomposites reinforced with natur..." refers background in this paper
...date palm [271], coir [272,273], bamboo [274,275], abaca [276,277], rice hull [278–280], jute [281,282], and wheat straw [283]....
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