Journal Article•
Bioconversion of Rice straw waste by black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens L.) : Optimal feed rate for biomass production
01 Jul 2016-Journal of entomology and zoology studies (AkiNik Publications)-Vol. 4, Iss: 4, pp 1036-1041
TL;DR: This study showed the possibility of production of insect larvae biomass as through bioconversion process of agricultural waste rich with lignocellulose and lowest waste reduction efficiency was recorded by larvae feed rate.
Abstract: This study focuses on the application of black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens L) as a bioconversion agent of the rice straw to reduce amount of waste while in the same time produced larvae biomass In this study, larvae were fed with rice straw at six different feed rates (125, 25, 50, 100, and 200 mg/larvae/day) until larvae reached prepupal stage During study, relative growth, relative consumption rate, and waste reduction level were measured Daily feeding of 200 mg of grinded rice straw per larvae resulted in the highest prepupal dry weight (1559 ± 001 mg), lowest developmental time (39 ± 01 days), but lowest waste reduction efficiency (1085 ± 00005%) Highest waste reduction efficiency was recorded by larvae feed rate of 125 mg/larvae/day (3153 ± 001%) and decreased with higher feeding rate This study showed the possibility of production of insect larvae biomass as through bioconversion process of agricultural waste rich with lignocellulose
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TL;DR: This work reviews the environmental sustainability of insect farming compared to livestock production and provides examples of aquatic insects whose populations are threatened by pollution, caterpillar species in Africa that are disappearing due to overexploitation, habitat changes, and environmental contamination.
Abstract: With a growing world population, increasingly demanding consumers, and a limited amount of agricultural land, there is an urgent need to find alternatives to conventional meat products. Livestock production is, moreover, a leading cause of anthropogenic-induced climate change. To mediate this, more sustainable diets are needed, with reduced meat consumption or the use of alternative protein sources. Insects are promoted as human food and animal feed worldwide. In tropical countries, edible insects are harvested from nature, but overexploitation, habitat changes, and environmental contamination threaten this food resource. Therefore, sustainable harvesting practices need to be developed and implemented. We provide examples of (1) aquatic insects whose populations are threatened by pollution, (2) caterpillar species in Africa that are disappearing due to overexploitation and habitat change, (3) edible insects species that are considered pests in agro-ecosystems, and (4) edible insect species that can be conserved and enhanced in forest management systems. Insect farming can be conducted either on small-scale farms or in large-scale industrialized rearing facilities. We review the environmental sustainability of insect farming compared to livestock production. The major environmental advantages of insect farming compared to livestock production are as follows: (1) less land and water is required; (2) greenhouse gas emissions are lower; (3) insects have high feed conversion efficiencies; (4) insects can transform low-value organic by-products into high-quality food or feed; and (5) certain insect species can be used as animal feed or aqua feed. For instance, they can replace fish meal, which is becoming increasingly scarce and expensive. However, edible insect species intended for production should be screened for risks to humans, animals, plants, and biodiversity.
464 citations
Cites background from "Bioconversion of Rice straw waste b..."
...The best-known species for utilizing waste streams, such as rice straw (Manurung et al. 2016), coffee pulp (Larde 1990), fish offal (St-Hilaire et al. 2007), DDGS (Webster et al. 2015), catering waste (Surendra et al. 2016) and swine, chicken and cattle manure (Sheppard et al. 1994; Newton et al.…...
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TL;DR: The literature on the black soldier fly is reviewed, which is capable of efficiently converting a wide variety of organic materials, from food waste to manure, into insect biomass, and which could potentially be milled and converted into a textured protein with a strong flavor.
Abstract: Food futurists accept that sustainability-minded humanity will increasingly incorporate insects as alternative protein. The most studied and easily reared species are not necessarily the most sustainable, acceptable, or delicious. Here, we review the literature on the black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens, which is capable of efficiently converting a wide variety of organic materials, from food waste to manure, into insect biomass. They can be grown and harvested without dedicated facilities and are not pestiferous. Their larvae are 42% crude protein and 29% fat, although they are higher in saturated fats than most insects. They do not concentrate pesticides or mycotoxins. They are already grown and recommended for use as animal feed, but with regional legal restrictions on how this is done. For commercial use in human foods, larvae could potentially be milled and converted into a textured protein with a strong flavor. Their biggest advantage over other insects is their ability to convert waste into food, generating value and closing nutrient loops as they reduce pollution and costs. This general advantage is also their greatest disadvantage, for the social stigmas and legal prohibitions against eating organisms that eat waste are added to extant taboos facing insect consumption.
414 citations
Cites background from "Bioconversion of Rice straw waste b..."
...Some of these wastes are notoriously difficult to valorize, such as rice straws, which are high in lignocellulosic matter and thus are low quality as livestock feed [51,136]....
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06 Feb 2020
TL;DR: In the last five years, the scientific knowledge on insects as food and feed has been growing exponentially as discussed by the authors. At the same time, the industrial sector is increasingly engaged in rearing, processin...
Abstract: During the last five years the scientific knowledge on insects as food and feed has been growing exponentially. At the same time, the industrial sector is increasingly engaged in rearing, processin...
219 citations
Cites background from "Bioconversion of Rice straw waste b..."
...However, the black soldier fly was able to digest rice straw (Manurung et al., 2016)....
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TL;DR: Black soldier fly larvae is indicated that BSF is a possible insect which can be applied to combating the food scarcity of countries where micronutrient deficiency is prevalent, and fatty acids, amino acids, minerals and vitamins composition in different development stages of BSF were presented and compared.
Abstract: Black soldier fly (BSF) larvae, Hermetia illucens L., develops on organic wastes, reducing ecological pollution and converting waste biomass into protein and fat rich insect biomass. BSF can replace increasingly expensive protein sources used in poultry, aquaculture and livestock compound diet formulation, such as fish meal and soybean meal, which holds the potential to alleviate future food and feed insecurity. The fate of nutritional spectra in BSF during its life cycle phases is still poorly understood. This study assessed metabolic changes in nutrition composition of BSF from egg to adult. A rapid increase of crude fat content was observed since the development of 4-14 days of larvae with its maximum level reaching 28.4% in dry mass, whereas the crude protein displayed a continuous decreasing trend in the same development phases with minimum level of 38% at larval phase (12 days) and peak level of 46.2% at early pupa stage. A sharp drop in crude fat was noticed from early prepupae to late pupae (24.2%, 8.2% respectively). However crude protein shows its maximum value being 57.6% at postmortem adult stage with 21.6% fat level. In addition, fatty acids, amino acids, minerals and vitamins composition in different development stages of BSF were presented and compared. Findings from this study could provide podium to food and feed industry for framing a strategy for specific molecular nutritional component intake into the diets of humans, aquaculture and animals. It is also indicated that BSF is a possible insect which can be applied to combating the food scarcity of countries where micronutrient deficiency is prevalent. Moreover it contributes to advance exploring for developmental and metabolic biology of this edible insect.
189 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the impact of co-digestion of DM with another ecologically problematic waste source: soybean curd residue (SCR) was evaluated, where waste sources were fed to BSF larvae using different mixing ratios.
163 citations
References
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a set of emission factors for a large variety of species emitted from biomass fires, where data were not available, they have proposed estimates based on appropriate extrapolation techniques.
Abstract: A large body of information on emissions from the various types of biomass burning has been accumulated over the past decade, to a large extent as a result of International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme/International Global Atmospheric Chemistry research activities. Yet this information has not been readily accessible to the atmospheric chemistry community because it was scattered over a large number of publications and reported in numerous different units and reference systems. We have critically evaluated the presently available data and integrated these into a consistent format. On the basis of this analysis we present a set of emission factors for a large variety of species emitted from biomass fires. Where data were not available, we have proposed estimates based on appropriate extrapolation techniques. We have derived global estimates of pyrogenic emissions for important species emitted by the various types of biomass burning and compared our estimates with results from inverse modeling studies.
3,556 citations
"Bioconversion of Rice straw waste b..." refers background in this paper
...Common practices for handling rice straw waste is by burning, or used as feed for livestock or mulched in the rice fields which provides low economic return and potentially caused another problems such as release of carbon fraction to the atmosphere that contributes to global warming [1, 2, 25], reduce livestock quality due to application of rice straw as low quality feed material [24, 44, 46], provide medium for pest species and source of various agricultural diseases [20]....
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TL;DR: It is suggested that, although compensatory growth can bring quick benefits, it is also associated with a surprising variety of costs that are often not evident until much later in adult life.
Abstract: Nutritional conditions during key periods of development, when the architecture and modus operandi of the body become established, are of profound importance in determining the subsequent life-history trajectory of an organism. If developing individuals experience a period of nutritional deficit, they can subsequently show accelerated growth should conditions improve, apparently compensating for the initial setback. However, recent research suggests that, although compensatory growth can bring quick benefits, it is also associated with a surprising variety of costs that are often not evident until much later in adult life. Clearly, the nature of these costs, the timescale over which they are incurred and the mechanisms underlying them will play a crucial role in determining compensatory strategies. Nonetheless, such effects remain poorly understood and largely neglected by ecologists and evolutionary biologists.
1,784 citations
"Bioconversion of Rice straw waste b..." refers background in this paper
...This strategy come with the cost of self-maintenance [16, 21] like reduced immune function [8], shorter life span [33], poor performance [34], and possible low offspring quality which could hinder sustainability for larva production....
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TL;DR: It seems apparent that adaptive nutritional differences must be sought on a quantitative level and that a meaningful comparative nutrition of insects will not emerge until quantitative studies are emphasized.
Abstract: Publisher Summary A great deal is known concerning the qualitative nutritional requirements of insects. The quantitative aspects of insect nutrition have, however, received less attention, and there have been few studies on the rates of intake and the efficiency of food utilization. In particular, relatively little is known concerning the intake, digestibility and efficiency of conversion of defined diets. Quantitative work with artificial diets has usually involved only measurements of the amount of a particular nutrient required per unit of diet. Insects as a group feed upon a remarkably diverse list of organic substances. At the same time most species show a high degree of specificity in their choice of food. It seems apparent that adaptive nutritional differences must be sought on a quantitative level and that a meaningful comparative nutrition of insects will not emerge until quantitative studies are emphasized. The determination of absolute requirements for dietary constituents depends upon the measurement of intake. Differences in food efficiency can be demonstrated only by measuring intake and growth. Digestibility should also be measured since it can be expected to vary widely with different foods. The efficiency with which digested food is used for growth will vary not only with the maintenance requirement for energy but also with the balance of nutrients.
1,766 citations
"Bioconversion of Rice straw waste b..." refers methods in this paper
...Relative consumption rate was calculated by Waldbauer’s formula [45]....
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...4 Growth and waste reduction Relative growth rate of larvae was calculated by Waldbauer’s formula [45]...
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TL;DR: The importance of food quality relative to other environmental factors and organism adaptations that influence post-inges tive food utilization and growth performance of immature arthropods is assessed.
Abstract: An understanding of insect ecology has been hampered by an inadequate knowledge of nutritional physiology. The effects of food quality upon physi ology and behavior (24, 102, 185, 285) and at the population and ecosystem levels (107, 209) are too often neglected. Nutritional ecology is central to proper interpretations of life history phenomena (e.g. manner of feeding, habitat selection, defense, and reproduction) both in ecological and evolu tionary time. Careful consideration of present and future information on this topic can lead to better predictive capabilities in both coevolutionary theory and pest management. In this review we assess the importance of food quality relative to other environmental factors and organism adaptations that influence post-inges tive food utilization and growth performance of immature arthropods. Reviewed elsewhere are pre-ingestive factors affecting food choice and con sumption (52, 73, 142, 154), nutritional requirements (67, 129, 226, 252), and the physiology of food consumption and utilization (19, 130, 270).
1,736 citations
"Bioconversion of Rice straw waste b..." refers methods in this paper
...The ability of larva to digest rice straw was measured by Efficiency of Digested Feed (ECD) based on the relationship developed by Scriber and Slansky [42] and modified by Dienar...
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...Scriber JM, Slansky F....
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...The ability of larva to digest rice straw was measured by Efficiency of Digested Feed (ECD) based on the relationship developed by Scriber and Slansky [42] and modified by Dienar et al. [9],...
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TL;DR: In this article, two important aerosol species, sulfate and organic particles, have large natural biogenic sources that depend in a highly complex fashion on environmental and ecological parameters and therefore are prone to influence by global change.
Abstract: Atmospheric aerosols play important roles in climate and atmospheric chemistry: They scatter sunlight, provide condensation nuclei for cloud droplets, and participate in heterogeneous chemical reactions. Two important aerosol species, sulfate and organic particles, have large natural biogenic sources that depend in a highly complex fashion on environmental and ecological parameters and therefore are prone to influence by global change. Reactions in and on sea-salt aerosol particles may have a strong influence on oxidation processes in the marine boundary layer through the production of halogen radicals, and reactions on mineral aerosols may significantly affect the cycles of nitrogen, sulfur, and atmospheric oxidants.
1,589 citations
"Bioconversion of Rice straw waste b..." refers background in this paper
...Common practices for handling rice straw waste is by burning, or used as feed for livestock or mulched in the rice fields which provides low economic return and potentially caused another problems such as release of carbon fraction to the atmosphere that contributes to global warming [1, 2, 25], reduce livestock quality due to application of rice straw as low quality feed material [24, 44, 46], provide medium for pest species and source of various agricultural diseases [20]....
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