Biodegradation of cypermethrin by Micrococcus sp. strain CPN 1.
TL;DR: A bacterium capable of utilizing pyrethroid pesticide cypermethrin as sole source of carbon was isolated from soil and identified as a Micrococcus sp.
Abstract: A bacterium capable of utilizing pyrethroid pesticide cypermethrin as sole source of carbon was isolated from soil and identified as a Micrococcus sp. The organism also utilized fenvalerate, deltamethrin, perimethrin, 3-phenoxybenzoate, phenol, protocatechuate and catechol as growth substrates. The organism degraded cypermethrin by hydrolysis of ester linkage to yield 3-phenoxybenzoate, leading to loss of its insecticidal activity. 3-Phenoxybenzoate was further metabolized by diphenyl ether cleavage to yield protocatechuate and phenol as evidenced by isolation and identification of metabolites and enzyme activities in the cell-free extracts. Protocatechuate and phenol were oxidized by ortho-cleavage pathway. Thus, the organism was versatile in detoxification and complete mineralization of pyrethroid cypermethrin
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TL;DR: The microbial species in the environment, the study of herbicide and pesticides degrading bacteria and the mechanism and application of pesticide microbial degrading bacteria are summarized.
Abstract: Nowadays, pesticides are widely used in preventing and controlling the diseases and pests of crop, but at the same time pesticide residues have brought serious harm to human's health and the environment It is an important subject to study microbial degradation of pesticides in soil environment in the field of internationally environmental restoration science and technology This paper summarized the microbial species in the environment, the study of herbicide and pesticides degrading bacteria and the mechanism and application of pesticide microbial degrading bacteria Cypermethrin and other pyrethroid pesticides were used widely currently, while they were difficult to be degraded in the natural conditions, and an intermediate metabolite, 3-phenoxy benzoic acid would be produced in the degradation process, causing the secondary pollution of agricultural products and a series of problems Taking it above as an example, the paper paid attention to the degradation process of microorganism under natural conditions and factors affecting the microbial degradation of pesticide In addition, the developed trend of the research on microbial degradation of pesticide and some obvious problems that need further solution were put forward
202 citations
Cites background from "Biodegradation of cypermethrin by M..."
...[129] studied the synergistic effect of mixed microbial to degrade CY by field’s tests, and determined the effects of different temperatures, different spraying time, different degradable bacteria concentration, and different days on the degradable rate of CY....
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TL;DR: This review presents an overview of the microorganisms that have been isolated from pyrethroid-polluted sites, characterized and applied for the degradation of pyrethroids in liquid and soil media and indicates that bioremediation has emerged as the most advantageous method for cleaning up pesticide-contaminated soils.
Abstract: Pyrethroid insecticides have been used to control pests in agriculture, forestry, horticulture, public health and for indoor home use for more than 20 years. Because pyrethroids were considered to be a safer alternative to organophosphate pesticides (OPs), their applications significantly increased when the use of OPs was banned or limited. Although pyrethroids have agricultural benefits, their widespread and continuous use is a major problem as they pollute the terrestrial and aquatic environments and affect non-target organisms. Since pyrethroids are not degraded immediately after application and because their residues are detected in soils, there is an urgent need to remediate pyrethroid-polluted environments. Various remediation technologies have been developed for this purpose; however, bioremediation, which involves bioaugmentation and/or biostimulation and is a cost-effective and eco-friendly approach, has emerged as the most advantageous method for cleaning-up pesticide-contaminated soils. This review presents an overview of the microorganisms that have been isolated from pyrethroid-polluted sites, characterized and applied for the degradation of pyrethroids in liquid and soil media. The paper is focused on the microbial degradation of the pyrethroids that have been most commonly used for many years such as allethrin, bifenthrin, cyfluthrin, cyhalothrin, cypermethrin, deltamethrin, fenpropathrin, fenvalerate and permethrin. Special attention is given to the bacterial strains from the genera Achromobacter, Acidomonas, Bacillus, Brevibacterium, Catellibacterium, Clostridium, Lysinibacillus, Micrococcus, Ochrobactrum, Pseudomonas, Serratia, Sphingobium, Streptomyces and the fungal strains from the genera Aspergillus, Candida, Cladosporium and Trichoderma, which are characterized by their ability to degrade various pyrethroids. Moreover, the current knowledge on the degradation pathways of pyrethroids, the enzymes that are involved in the cleavage of pesticide molecules, the factors/conditions that influence the survival of strains that are introduced into soil and the rate of the removal of pyrethroids are also discussed. This knowledge may be useful to optimize the environmental conditions of bioremediation and may be crucial for the effective removal of pyrethroids from polluted soils.
152 citations
Cites background from "Biodegradation of cypermethrin by M..."
...The activity of other enzymes such as phenol hydroxylase, catechol1,2-dioxygenase and catechol-2,3-dioxygenase was observed in cell free extract of Micrococcus sp. strain CPN 1 during the degradation of cypermethrin (Tallur et al., 2008)....
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...Other intermediates were found during the degradation of cypermethrin by Micrococcus sp. CPN 1 (Tallur et al., 2008)....
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...…(D) Cyano-Phenoxybenzaldehyde (E) 3-Phenoxybenzoic acid (F) Phenol (G) Protocatechuic (H) Catechol (I) cis,cis-Muconic acid (J) 3-Carboxy-cis, cis muconic acid Tallur et al., 2008 β-Cypermethrin (A) Bacillus subtilis BSF01 (B) α-Hydroxy-3-phenoxy- benzenacetonitrile l (C)…...
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...The degradation pathway of cypermethrin was studied in some strains from the Bacillus genera, Micrococcus sp. (Tallur et al., 2008), S. aureus (Chen et al., 2012c), Catellibacterium sp. (Zhao et al., 2013) and consortium that consisted of B. licheniformis B-1 and Sphingomonas sp. SC-1 (Liu et al.,…...
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...…et al., 2014 Micrococcus sp. CPN 1 Pesticide-contaminated soil, India Cypermethrin Catabolic pH 7, 30◦C About 90% removal (1000mg/L) after 8 days Tallur et al., 2008 Ochrobactrum anthropi JCm1 Contaminated soil, Pakistan Cypermethrin Catabolic pH 7, 30◦C Nearly 91% degradation (100mg/L) in 10…...
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TL;DR: A novel esterase gene, pytH, encoding a pyrethroid-hydrolyzing carboxylesterase was cloned from Sphingobium sp.
Abstract: A novel esterase gene, pytH, encoding a pyrethroid-hydrolyzing carboxylesterase was cloned from Sphingobium sp. strain JZ-1. The gene contained an open reading frame of 840 bp. Sequence identity searches revealed that the deduced enzyme shared the highest similarity with many α/β-hydrolase fold proteins (20 to 24% identities). PytH was expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 and purified using Ni-nitrilotriacetic acid affinity chromatography. It was a monomeric structure with a molecular mass of approximately 31 kDa and a pI of 4.85. PytH was able to transform p-nitrophenyl esters of short-chain fatty acids and a wide range of pyrethroid pesticides, and isomer selectivity was not observed. No cofactors were required for enzyme activity.
149 citations
TL;DR: Results reveal that DG-S-01 may possess potential to be used in bioremediation of pyrethroid-contaminated environment and was identified as Ochrobactrum lupini.
146 citations
Cites background from "Biodegradation of cypermethrin by M..."
...These results reveal that DG-S-01 may possess potential to be used in bioremediation of pyrethroid- nt. contaminated environme ....
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References
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Journal Article•
TL;DR: Procedures are described for measuring protein in solution or after precipitation with acids or other agents, and for the determination of as little as 0.2 gamma of protein.
289,852 citations
"Biodegradation of cypermethrin by M..." refers methods in this paper
...Protein was determined by the method of Lowry et al. (1951)....
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TL;DR: A method has been described for the isolation of DNA from micro-organisms which yields stable, biologically active, highly polymerized preparations relatively free from protein and RNA, and Representative samples have been characterized for their thermal stability and sedimentation behaviour.
11,573 citations
"Biodegradation of cypermethrin by M..." refers methods in this paper
...The biochemical tests were carried out according to Pelczar (1957) and Holding and Collee (1971). DNA isolation and determination of its G + C content from melting temperature was done as described by Marmur (1961) and Mandel and Marmur (1968)....
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...The biochemical tests were carried out according to Pelczar (1957) and Holding and Collee (1971)....
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TL;DR: The GC content of highly purified DNA samples can be estimated from their thermal denaturation temperatures, employing small amounts of DNA, and a recent interesting observation is that the supercoiled component of polyoma DNA has a Tm which is 17° higher than the circular, nonsupercoiled or linear polyoma components.
Abstract: The GC content of highly purified DNA samples can be estimated from their thermal denaturation temperatures, employing small amounts of DNA (10–40 μg). The method is simple, convenient and utilizes readily available laboratory equipment; the thermal denaturation profile also gives a good picture of the quality of the DNA preparation. Denatured DNA present in native preparations, or single stranded DNA obtained by denaturing native DNA, or isolated from natural sources such as bacteriophage φX174, give broad thermal transition profiles. Denatured DNA which has been renatured by annealing, or which renatures spontaneously because it is cross-linked, yields thermal denaturation profiles which are almost similar to that of native DNA. A recent interesting observation38 is that the supercoiled component of polyoma DNA has a Tm which is 17° higher (in SSC) than the circular, nonsupercoiled or linear polyoma components.
The authors would like to emphasize a point which is troublesome to many investigators, namely, the degree of hyperchromicity resulting from the denaturation of DNA. When the denaturing agent (e.g., heat, alkali) is still present, the increase in absorbance in approximately 40% at 260 mμ. Upon removal of the denaturing agent the difference in absorbance of native and denatured DNA is approximately 12%, reflecting the re-formation of intra- and intermolecular short helical structures. It should also be pointed out that irreversible denaturation is accomplished only after the last hydrogen bonds present in the GC rich regions of the DNA have been disassociated. Until this point is reached, the melting of the double-helical molecule is completely reversible, even if the heated solution is rapidly cooled.
When equipment is available, analytical CsCl density gradient centrifugation is the preferred technique for estimating the GC content of DNA, especially if only small quantities (in the range of 1 μg) and/or only partially purified DNA are available.39 If possible, base compositions should be determined by two independent methods. Discrepancies in the base composition by the two methods are indicative of the presence of unusual bases.36 When large numbers of samples are to be compared, melting profiles and buoyant density determinations used together provide a great deal of information as to the composition and quality of the samples.
960 citations
"Biodegradation of cypermethrin by M..." refers methods in this paper
...DNA isolation and determination of its G + C content from melting temperature was done as described by Marmur (1961) and Mandel and Marmur (1968)....
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490 citations
396 citations