Biodegradation of fipronil: current state of mechanisms of biodegradation and future perspectives
29 Sep 2021-Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology (Appl Microbiol Biotechnol)-Vol. 105, Iss: 20, pp 7695-7708
TL;DR: A review of the literature on the degradation of fipronil, focusing on biodegradation pathways and identifying the main knowledge gaps that currently exist in order to inform future research is presented in this paper.
Abstract: Fipronil is a broad-spectrum phenyl-pyrazole insecticide that is widely used in agriculture. However, in the environment, its residues are toxic to aquatic animals, crustaceans, bees, termites, rabbits, lizards, and humans, and it has been classified as a C carcinogen. Due to its residual environmental hazards, various effective approaches, such as adsorption, ozone oxidation, catalyst coupling, inorganic plasma degradation, and microbial degradation, have been developed. Biodegradation is deemed to be the most effective and environmentally friendly method, and several pure cultures of bacteria and fungi capable of degrading fipronil have been isolated and identified, including Streptomyces rochei, Paracoccus sp., Bacillus firmus, Bacillus thuringiensis, Bacillus spp., Stenotrophomonas acidaminiphila, and Aspergillus glaucus. The metabolic reactions of fipronil degradation appear to be the same in different bacteria and are mainly oxidation, reduction, photolysis, and hydrolysis. However, the enzymes and genes responsible for the degradation are somewhat different. The ligninolytic enzyme MnP, the cytochrome P450 enzyme, and esterase play key roles in different strains of bacteria and fungal. Many unanswered questions exist regarding the environmental fate and degradation mechanisms of this pesticide. The genes and enzymes responsible for biodegradation remain largely unexplained, and biomolecular techniques need to be applied in order to gain a comprehensive understanding of these issues. In this review, we summarize the literature on the degradation of fipronil, focusing on biodegradation pathways and identifying the main knowledge gaps that currently exist in order to inform future research. KEY POINTS: • Biodegradation is a powerful tool for the removal of fipronil. • Oxidation, reduction, photolysis, and hydrolysis play key roles in the degradation of fipronil. • Possible biochemical pathways of fipronil in the environment are described.
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TL;DR: In this paper , the authors discuss the bioremediation potential of microbial strains in contaminated soil and water, and show that fipronil can be remediated from the environment using combined ecotechnologies.
6 citations
TL;DR: In this paper , the effect of 20 commercial pesticides, applied at their recommended dose and five times the recommended dose, on soil carbon cycling related enzymatic activities (α-1,4-glucosidase, β-1.4-GLU, β -1, 4-glu glycolytic enzymes, β −1, 3, 4, β−1, 2.5, β β −d-cellobiohydrolase and β −xylosidases), and the absolute abundance of functional genes (CBhl and chiA) was evaluated in three different South Australian agricultural soils.
5 citations
TL;DR: In this paper , the effect of 20 commercial pesticides, applied at their recommended dose and five times the recommended dose, on soil carbon cycling related enzymatic activities (α-1,4-glucosidase, β-1.4-GLU, β -1, 4-glu glycolytic enzymes, β −1, 3, 4, β−1, 2.5, β β −d-cellobiohydrolase and β −xylosidases), and the absolute abundance of functional genes (CBhl and chiA) was evaluated in three different South Australian agricultural soils.
Abstract: Pesticides are known to affect non-targeted soil microorganisms. Still, studies comparing the effect of multiple pesticides on a wide range of microbial endpoints associated with carbon cycling are scarce. Here, we employed fluorescence enzymatic assay and real-time PCR to evaluate the effect of 20 commercial pesticides, applied at their recommended dose and five times their recommended dose, on soil carbon cycling related enzymatic activities (α-1,4-glucosidase, β-1,4-glucosidase, β-d-cellobiohydrolase and β-xylosidase), and on the absolute abundance of functional genes (cbhl and chiA), in three different South Australian agricultural soils. The effects on cellulolytic and chitinolytic microorganisms, and the total microbial community composition were determined using shotgun metagenomic sequencing in selected pesticide-treated and untreated samples. The application of insecticides significantly increased the cbhl and chiA genes absolute abundance in the acidic soil. At the community level, insecticide fipronil had the greatest stimulating effect on cellulolytic and chitinolytic microorganisms, followed by fungicide metalaxyl-M and insecticide imidacloprid. A shift towards a fungal dominated microbial community was observed in metalaxyl-M treated soil. Overall, our results suggest that the application of pesticides might affect the soil carbon cycle and may disrupt the formation of soil organic matter and structure stabilisation.
5 citations
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TL;DR: This review provides a summary of the recent occurrence of micropollutants in the aquatic environment including sewage, surface water, groundwater and drinking water.
2,933 citations
Utrecht University1, Université catholique de Louvain2, Institut national de la recherche agronomique3, Centre national de la recherche scientifique4, Université du Québec à Montréal5, Royal Society for the Protection of Birds6, University of Cambridge7, University of Padua8, University of Sussex9, Natural Resources Canada10, Purdue University11, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ12, Smithsonian Institution13, University of Neuchâtel14, University of Saskatchewan15, Washington State University16, University of Bergen17, University of Stirling18
TL;DR: In this paper, a review of the global literature explores these risks and show a growing body of evidence that persistent, low concentrations of these insecticides pose serious risks of undesirable environmental impacts.
Abstract: Since their discovery in the late 1980s, neonicotinoid pesticides have become the most widely used class of insecticides worldwide, with large-scale applications ranging from plant protection (crops, vegetables, fruits), veterinary products, and biocides to invertebrate pest control in fish farming. In this review, we address the phenyl-pyrazole fipronil together with neonicotinoids because of similarities in their toxicity, physicochemical profiles, and presence in the environment. Neonicotinoids and fipronil currently account for approximately one third of the world insecticide market; the annual world production of the archetype neonicotinoid, imidacloprid, was estimated to be ca. 20,000 tonnes active substance in 2010. There were several reasons for the initial success of neonicotinoids and fipronil: (1) there was no known pesticide resistance in target pests, mainly because of their recent development, (2) their physicochemical properties included many advantages over previous generations of insecticides (i.e., organophosphates, carbamates, pyrethroids, etc.), and (3) they shared an assumed reduced operator and consumer risk. Due to their systemic nature, they are taken up by the roots or leaves and translocated to all parts of the plant, which, in turn, makes them effectively toxic to herbivorous insects. The toxicity persists for a variable period of time—depending on the plant, its growth stage, and the amount of pesticide applied. A wide variety of applications are available, including the most common prophylactic non-Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) application by seed coating. As a result of their extensive use and physicochemical properties, these substances can be found in all environmental compartments including soil, water, and air. Neonicotinoids and fipronil operate by disrupting neural transmission in the central nervous system of invertebrates. Neonicotinoids mimic the action of neurotransmitters, while fipronil inhibits neuronal receptors. In doing so, they continuously stimulate neurons leading ultimately to death of target invertebrates. Like virtually all insecticides, they can also have lethal and sublethal impacts on non-target organisms, including insect predators and vertebrates. Furthermore, a range of synergistic effects with other stressors have been documented. Here, we review extensively their metabolic pathways, showing how they form both compound-specific and common metabolites which can themselves be toxic. These may result in prolonged toxicity. Considering their wide commercial expansion, mode of action, the systemic properties in plants, persistence and environmental fate, coupled with limited information about the toxicity profiles of these compounds and their metabolites, neonicotinoids and fipronil may entail significant risks to the environment. A global evaluation of the potential collateral effects of their use is therefore timely. The present paper and subsequent chapters in this review of the global literature explore these risks and show a growing body of evidence that persistent, low concentrations of these insecticides pose serious risks of undesirable environmental impacts.
1,131 citations
TL;DR: The Pesticide Properties DataBase (PPDB) as discussed by the authors is a free-to-access database for all types of pesticide risk assessments. But, the PPDB is limited to 3,200 active substances and over 700 metabolites.
Abstract: Despite a changing world in terms of data sharing, availability, and transparency, there are still major resource issues associated with collating datasets that will satisfy the requirements of comprehensive pesticide risk assessments, especially those undertaken at a regional or national scale. In 1996, a long-term project was initiated to begin collating and formatting pesticide data to eventually create a free-to-all repository of data that would provide a comprehensive transparent, harmonized, and managed extensive dataset for all types of pesticide risk assessments. Over the last 20 years, this database has been keeping pace with improving risk assessments, their associated data requirements, and the needs and expectations of database end users. In 2007, the Pesticide Properties DataBase (PPDB) was launched as a free-to-access website. Currently, the PPDB holds data for almost 2300 pesticide active substances and over 700 metabolites. For each substance around 300 parameters are stored, cover...
1,015 citations
TL;DR: There is strong evidence that soils, waterways, and plants in agricultural environments and neighboring areas are contaminated with variable levels of neonicotinoids or fipronil mixtures and their metabolites, and this provides multiple routes for chronic exposure of nontarget animals.
Abstract: Systemic insecticides are applied to plants using a wide variety of methods, ranging from foliar sprays to seed treatments and soil drenches. Neonicotinoids and fipronil are among the most widely used pesticides in the world. Their popularity is largely due to their high toxicity to invertebrates, the ease and flexibility with which they can be applied, their long persistence, and their systemic nature, which ensures that they spread to all parts of the target crop. However, these properties also increase the probability of environmental contamination and exposure of nontarget organisms. Environmental contamination occurs via a number of routes including dust generated during drilling of dressed seeds, contamination and accumulation in arable soils and soil water, runoff into waterways, and uptake of pesticides by nontarget plants via their roots or dust deposition on leaves. Persistence in soils, waterways, and nontarget plants is variable but can be prolonged; for example, the half-lives of neonicotinoids in soils can exceed 1,000 days, so they can accumulate when used repeatedly. Similarly, they can persist in woody plants for periods exceeding 1 year. Breakdown results in toxic metabolites, though concentrations of these in the environment are rarely measured. Overall, there is strong evidence that soils, waterways, and plants in agricultural environments and neighboring areas are contaminated with variable levels of neonicotinoids or fipronil mixtures and their metabolites (soil, parts per billion (ppb)-parts per million (ppm) range; water, parts per trillion (ppt)-ppb range; and plants, ppb-ppm range). This provides multiple routes for chronic (and acute in some cases) exposure of nontarget animals. For example, pollinators are exposed through direct contact with dust during drilling; consumption of pollen, nectar, or guttation drops from seed-treated crops, water, and consumption of contaminated pollen and nectar from wild flowers and trees growing near-treated crops. Studies of food stores in honeybee colonies from across the globe demonstrate that colonies are routinely and chronically exposed to neonicotinoids, fipronil, and their metabolites (generally in the 1–100 ppb range), mixed with other pesticides some of which are known to act synergistically with neonicotinoids. Other nontarget organisms, particularly those inhabiting soils, aquatic habitats, or herbivorous insects feeding on noncrop plants in farmland, will also inevitably receive exposure, although data are generally lacking for these groups. We summarize the current state of knowledge regarding the environmental fate of these compounds by outlining what is known about the chemical properties of these compounds, and placing these properties in the context of modern agricultural practices.
902 citations
01 Jan 2014
TL;DR: The use of neonicotinoides and fipronil has been extensively studied in the literature as discussed by the authors, with a total of 20,000 tonnes of active in 2010.
Abstract: Depuis leur decouverte dans les annees 1980, les pesticides neonicotinoides sont devenus la classe la plus largement utilisee des insecticides, dans le monde entier, avec des applications a grande echelle allant de la protection des plantes (cultures, legumes, fruits), aux produits veterinaires et aux biocides pour le controle des invertebres parasites en pisciculture. Dans cette revue, nous joignons la fipronil, un phenylpyrazole, aux neonicotinoides en raison de la similitude de leur toxicite, des profils physico-chimiques, et de leur presence dans l'environnement. Les neonicotinoides et le fipronil representent actuellement environ un tiers du marche mondial des insecticides ; la production mondiale annuelle de l'archetype des neonicotinoides, l'imidaclopride, a ete estimee au total a 20 000 tonnes de substance active en 2010. Le succes initial des neonicotinoides et du fipronil est du a plusieurs raisons : (1) il n'y avait pas de resistance connue a ces pesticides chez les ravageurs cibles, principalement en raison de leur developpement recent, (2) leurs proprietes physico-chimiques rassemblaient de nombreux avantages par rapport a celles des generations precedentes d’insecticides (c’est-a-dire, les organophosphores, les carbamates, les pyrethrinoides, etc.), et,(3) ils partagent et supposent des risques reduits pour l’operateur et le consommateur. En raison de leur nature systemique, ils sont absorbes par les racines ou les feuilles et transloques a toutes les parties de la plante, laquelle, a son tour, est effectivement toxique pour les insectes herbivores. La toxicite persiste pendant une periode de temps variable en fonction de la plante, de son stade de croissance, et de la quantite de pesticide appliquee. Une grande variete d'applications sont disponibles, y compris la NON Bonne Pratique Agricole(GAP)prophylactique d’application courante en enrobage de semences. En consequence de leur utilisation extensive et de leurs proprietes physico-chimiques, ces substances peuvent etre trouves dans tous les compartiments environnementaux, y compris le sol, l'eau et l'air. Les neonicotinoides et le fipronil fonctionnent en perturbant la transmission nerveuse dans le systeme nerveux central des invertebres.Les neonicotinoides imitent l'action des neurotransmetteurs, tandis que le fipronil inhibe les recepteurs neuronaux. Ce faisant, les premiers stimulent en permanence les neurones conduisant finalement les invertebres cibles a la mort. Comme pratiquement tous les insecticides, ils peuvent egalement avoir des effets letaux et subletaux sur les organismes non cibles, y compris les vertebres predateurs d'insectes. En outre, une gamme d’effets synergiques avec d'autres facteurs de stress a ete documentee. Ici, nous passons en revue de facon extensive leurs voies metaboliques, montrant comment les composes specifiques et les metabolites communs, lesquels peuvent eux-memes etre toxiques, forment ensemble deux cas. Ceux-ci peuvent entrainer une toxicite prolongee. Compte tenu de leur large expansion commerciale, leur mode d'action, leurs proprietes systemiques chez les plantes, leur persistance et leur devenir environnemental, couples avec des informations limitees sur les profils de toxicite de ces composes et de leurs metabolites, les neonicotinoides et le fipronil peuvent entrainer des risques importants pour l'environnement. Une evaluation globale des effets collateraux potentiels de leur utilisation est donc opportune. Le present document, et les chapitres suivants dans cette revue de la litterature mondiale, explorent ces risques et montrent une quantite croissante de preuves qui, sur la base de la persistance et de faibles concentrations de ces pesticides, posent de serieux risques d’impacts environnementaux indesirables.
667 citations