Biodegradation of phenol and cresol isomer mixtures by Arthrobacter
01 Nov 1997-World Journal of Microbiology & Biotechnology (Kluwer Academic Publishers-Plenum Publishers)-Vol. 13, Iss: 6, pp 659-663
TL;DR: The Arthrobacter species can degrade phenol, o-cresol and p-Cresol much faster than other microbes which are reported to degrade toxic compounds.
Abstract: The Arthrobacter species can degrade phenol, o-cresol and p-cresol much faster (as reflected in high specific growth rates) than other microbes which are reported to degrade toxic compounds In mixtures, phenol and p-cresol mutually inhibited each other; the inhibition constants show that phenol degradation is strongly inhibited in the presence of p-cresol rather than reverse o-Cresol enhanced phenol degradation marginally but o-cresol degradation was not affected by the presence of phenol
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TL;DR: This review reports on the progress on variations of well-known themes made in the last 3–4 years, as well as new bioprocess technologies that address the cytotoxicity of monoaromatics directly.
Abstract: The biological removal of monoaromatic compounds from contaminated environments, usually arising from industrial activity, is challenging because of the inherent toxicity of these compounds to microorganisms, particularly at the concentrations that can be encountered in industrial waste streams. A wide range of bioprocess designs have been proposed and tested with the aim of achieving high removal efficiencies, with varying degrees of technical success, and potential for practical implementation. This review reports on the progress on variations of well-known themes made in the last 3–4 years, as well as new bioprocess technologies that address the cytotoxicity of monoaromatics directly. Areas for further research are also proposed.
53 citations
TL;DR: An acclimatized mixed microbial culture, predominantly Pseudomonas sp.
Abstract: An acclimatized mixed microbial culture, predominantly Pseudomonas sp., was enriched from a sewage treatment plant, and its potential to simultaneously degrade mixtures of phenol and m-cresol was investigated during its growth in batch shake flasks. A 2 2 full factorial design with the two substrates at two di erent levels and di erent initial concentration ranges (low and high), was employed to carry out the biodegradation experiments. The substrates phenol and m-cresol were completely utilized within 21 h when present at low concentrations of 100 mg/L for each, and at high concentration of 600 mg/L for each, a maximum time of 187 h was observed for their removal. The biodegradation results also showed that the presence of phenol in low concentration range (100‐300 mg/L) did not inhibit m-cresol biodegradation. Whereas the presence of m-cresol inhibited phenol biodegradation by the culture. Moreover, irrespective of the concentrations used, phenol was degraded preferentially and earlier than m-cresol. A sum kinetics model was used to describe the variation in the substrate specific degradation rates, which gave a high coe cient of determination value (R 2 > 0.98) at the low concentration range of the substrates. From the estimated interaction parameter values obtained from this model, the inhibitory e ect of phenol on m-cresol degradation by the culture was found to be more pronounced compared to that of m-cresol on phenol. This study showed a good potential of the indigenous mixed culture in degrading mixed substrate of phenolics.
49 citations
Cites background from "Biodegradation of phenol and cresol..."
...Kar et al. (1997) observed that phenol and p-cresol mutually inhibited their biodegradation by Arthrobacter; * Corresponding author....
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TL;DR: The results showed that the models proposed adequately described the dynamic behaviors of biodegradation by Candida tropicalis, and showed that 4-cp biodegrading velocity was higher than that without phenol.
Abstract: Biodegradation of phenol and 4-chlorophenol (4-cp) using a pure culture of Candida tropicalis was studied. The results showed that C. tropicalis could degrade 2,000 mg l−1 phenol alone and 350 mg l−1 4-cp alone within 66 and 55 h, respectively. The capacity of the strain to degrade phenol was obviously higher than that to degrade 4-cp. In the dual-substrate system, 4-cp intensely inhibited phenol biodegradation. Phenol beyond 800 mg l−1 could not be degraded in the presence of 350 mg l−1 4-cp. Comparatively, low-concentration phenol from 100 to 600 mg l−1 supplied a sole carbon and energy source for C. tropicalis in the initial phase of biodegradation and accelerated the assimilation of 4-cp, which resulted in the fact that 4-cp biodegradation velocity was higher than that without phenol. And the capacity of C. tropicalis to degrade 4-cp was increased up to 420 mg l−1 with the presence of 100–160 mg l−1 phenol. In addition, the intrinsic kinetics of cell growth and substrate degradation were investigated with phenol and 4-cp as single and mixed substrates in batch cultures. The results illustrated that the models proposed adequately described the dynamic behaviors of biodegradation by C. tropicalis.
38 citations
Cites background from "Biodegradation of phenol and cresol..."
...They can describe cell growth behavior at low substrate concentrations (Paller et al. 1995; Kar et al. 1997; Paraskevi et al. 2005)....
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TL;DR: In this article, the performance of single stage moving bed biological reactor (MBBR) and submerged aerated biological filter (SABF) was investigated for the treatment of wastewater contaminated with heterocyclic and homcyclic aromatic hydrocarbons along with phenolic compounds commonly discharged from coal and biomass gasification plants.
Abstract: The present study investigated the performance of single stage moving bed biological reactor (MBBR) and submerged aerated biological filter (SABF) for the treatment of wastewater contaminated with heterocyclic and homocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons along with phenolic compounds commonly discharged from coal and biomass gasification plants. Performance evaluation of both the bioreactors was carried out by varying hydraulic and organic loading rates (OLR). Removal efficiencies (R.E) of 90.4 ± 0.78% and 85.8 ± 1.96% were achieved in MBBR and SABF, respectively at HRT of 24 h and OLR of 2.45 kg/m 3 /day. Increasing the OLR to 4.77 kg/m 3 /day resulted in the reduction of R.E of MBBR and SABF to 86 ± 0.96% and 77.8 ± 1.45%, respectively. MBBR showed better stability against hydraulic and organic shock loads in comparison to SABF. The effect of co-contaminants such as phenol and cresol on overall reactor performance was also investigated. The coexistence of phenol (300 mg/L) and cresol (100 mg/L) affected the removal of other hydrocarbons and resulted in accumulation of the metabolic intermediates. TOC R.E was 86.8% and 84.9% while reduction in toxicity was 61% and 57% in MBBR and SABF during simultaneous treatment of mixed hydrocarbons and phenolic compounds (OLR = 3.43 kg/m 3 /day, HRT = 24 h). Modified Stover- Kincannon model was incorporated to elucidate the substrate utilization kinetics. Characterization of attached biofilm on the carrier elements showed a significant variation in extracellular polymeric constituents with different pollutant concentrations.
34 citations
References
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TL;DR: In this paper, the degradation of benzene, toluene, and p-xylene was investigated in sandy aquifer material and by two pure cultures isolated from the same site.
Abstract: Benzene, toluene, and p-xylene (BTX) were degraded by indigenous mixed cultures in sandy aquifer material and by two pure cultures isolated from the same site. Although BTX compounds have a similar chemical structure, the fate of individual BTX compounds differed when the compounds were fed to each pure culture and mixed culture aquifer slurries. The identification of substrate interactions aided the understanding of this behavior. Beneficial substrate interactions included enhanced degradation of benzene and p-xylene by the presence of toluene in Pseudomonas sp. strain CFS-215 incubations, as well as benzene-dependent degradation of toluene and p-xylene by Arthrobacter sp. strain HCB. Detrimental substrate interactions included retardation in benzene and toluene degradation by the presence of p-xylene in both aquifer slurries and Pseudomonas incubations. The catabolic diversity of microbes in the environment precludes generalizations about the capacity of individual BTX compounds to enhance or inhibit the degradation of other BTX compounds.
350 citations
TL;DR: Two Pseudomonas species were isolated from an aerobic pilot‐scale fluidized bed reactor treating groundwater containing benzene, toluene, and p‐xylene, and batch tests using paired substrates revealed competitive inhibition and cometabolic degradation patterns.
Abstract: Two Pseudomonas species (designated strains B1 and X1) were isolated from an aerobic pilot-scale fluidized bed reactor treating groundwater containing benzene, toluene, and p-xylene (BTX). Strain B1 grew with benzene and toluene as the sole sources of carbon and energy, and it cometabolized p-xylene in the presence of toluene. Strain X1 grew on toluene and p-xylene, but not benzene. In single substrate experiments, the appearance of biomass lagged the consumption of growth substrates, suggesting that substrate uptake may not be growth-rate limiting for these substrates. Batch tests using paired substrates (BT, TX, or BX) revealed competitive inhibition and cometabolic degradation patterns. Competitive inhibition was modeled by adding a competitive inhibition term to the Monod expression. Cometabolic transformation of nongrowth substrate (p-xylene) by strain B1 was quantified by coupling xylene transformation to consumption of growth substrate (toluene) during growth and to loss of biomass during the decay phase. Coupling was achieved by defining two transformation capacity terms for the cometabolizing culture: one that relates consumption of growth substrate to the consumption of nongrowth substrate, and second that relates consumption of biomass to the consumption of nongrowth substrate. Cometabolism increased decay rates, and the observed yield for strain B1 decreased in the presence of p-xylene.
277 citations
TL;DR: Three previously proposed models describing the kinetics of cometabolism by resting cells are compared, and the interrelationships and underlying assumptions for these models are explored.
Abstract: Experimental observations indicate that the rates of cometabolic transformation are linked to the consumption of growth substrate during growth and to the consumption of cell mass and/or energy substrate in the absence of growth substrate. Three previously proposed models (models 1 through 3) describing the kinetics of cometabolism by resting cells are compared, and the interrelationships and underlying assumptions for these models are explored. Models 1 to 3 are shown to converge at high concentrations of the nongrowth substrate. An expression describing nongrowth substrate transformation in the presence of growth substrate is proposed, and this expression is integrated with an expression for cell growth to give a single unstructured model (model 4) that encompasses models 1 to 3 and describes cometabolism by both resting and growing cells. Model 4 couples transformation of nongrowth substrate to consumption of growth substrate and biomass, and predicts that cometabolism will result, and decreased specific growth rates for a cometabolizing population. Competitive inhibition can also be incorporated in the model. Experimental aspects of model calibration and verification are discussed. The need for models that distinguish between the exhaustion of cell activity and cell death is emphasized. © 1993 Wiley & Sons, Inc.
190 citations
"Biodegradation of phenol and cresol..." refers background in this paper
...It has been reported that if compounds involve dioxygenases and monooxygenases in their degradation, competitive inhibition is likely ( Criddle 1993 )....
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TL;DR: The evidence suggests that exposure of marine sediments to a particular PAH or benzene results in the enhanced ability of these Sediments to subsequently degrade that PAH as well as certain other PAHs.
Abstract: Rates of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) degradation and mineralization were influenced by preexposure to alternate PAHs and a monoaromatic hydrocarbon at relatively high (100 ppm) concentrations in organic-rich aerobic marine sediments. Prior exposure to three PAHs and benzene resulted in enhanced [14C]naphthalene mineralization, while [14C]anthracene mineralization was stimulated only by benzene and anthracene preexposure. Preexposure of sediment slurries to phenanthrene stimulated the initial degradation of anthracene. Prior exposure to naphthalene stimulated the initial degradation of phenanthrene but had no effect on either the initial degradation or mineralization of anthracene. For those compounds which stimulated [14C]anthracene or [14C]naphthalene mineralization, longer preexposures (2 weeks) to alternative aromatic hydrocarbons resulted in an even greater stimulation response. Enrichment with individual PAHs followed by subsequent incubation with one or two PAHs showed no alteration in degradation patterns due to the simultaneous presence of PAHs. The evidence suggests that exposure of marine sediments to a particular PAH or benzene results in the enhanced ability of these sediments to subsequently degrade that PAH as well as certain other PAHs. The enhanced degradation of a particular PAH after sediments have been exposed to it may result from the selection and proliferation of specific microbial populations capable of degrading it. The enhanced degradation of other PAHs after exposure to a single PAH suggests that the populations selected have either broad specificity for PAHs, common pathways of PAH degradation, or both.
158 citations
TL;DR: The experiments indicated that toluene- and o-xylene-degrading bacteria are also able to degrade benzene, whereas naphthalene-, 1,,4-dimethylnaphthalenes-, and phenanthrene-degarading bacteria have no or very little benzene-degRading ability.
Abstract: This study dealt with the interactions with benzene degradation of the following aromatic compounds in a mixed substrate: toluene, o-xylene, naphthalene, 1,4-dimethylnaphthalene, phenanthrene, and pyrrole. The experiment was performed as a factorial experiment with simple batch cultures. The effect of two different types of inocula was tested. One type of inoculum was grown on a mixture of aromatic hydrocarbons; the other was grown on a mixture of aromatic hydrocarbons and nitrogen-, sulfur-, and oxygen-containing aromatic compounds (NSO compounds), similar to some of the compounds identified in creosote waste. The culture grown on the aromatic hydrocarbons and NSO compounds was much less efficient in degrading benzene than the culture grown on only aromatic hydrocarbons. The experiments indicated that toluene- and o-xylene-degrading bacteria are also able to degrade benzene, whereas naphthalene-, 1,,4-dimethylnaphthalene-, and phenanthrene-degrading bacteria have no or very little benzene-degrading ability. Surprisingly, the stimulating effect of toluene and o-xylene was true only if the two compounds were present alone. In combination an antagonistic effect was observed, i.e., the combined effect was smaller than the sum from each of the compounds. The reason for this behavior has not been identified. Pyrrole strongly inhibited benzene degradation even at concentrations of about 100 to 200 micrograms/liter. Future studies will investigate the generality of these findings.
136 citations