Biodeterioration of stone: a review
TL;DR: In this paper, a comprehensive overview to the biodeterioration of stone and its practical relevance for the conservation is presented. But, the authors do not consider the effects of the microbial contamination on cleaning procedures, protective treatments as well as biocidal applications.
About: This article is published in International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation.The article was published on 2000-12-01. It has received 889 citations till now.
Citations
More filters
TL;DR: In this paper, the use of microbially induced carbonates as a binder material, i.e., biocementation, is discussed, for the improvement of compressive strength and the remediation of cracks.
1,074 citations
TL;DR: The aim of this review is to emphasise the importance of measure as well as possible, the last stage of the biodegradation, in order to certify the integration of new materials into the biogeochemical cycles.
911 citations
Cites background from "Biodeterioration of stone: a review..."
...They are considered as one of the main causes of biodeterioration (Warscheid and Braams, 2000)....
[...]
...Moreover, according to Warscheid and Braams (2000), the presence of slime increases the accumulation of atmospheric pollutants, this accumulation favour the development of microorganisms and accelerate the biodeterioration (Zanardini et al., 2000)....
[...]
...They can release active chemicals as nitrous acid (e.g. Nitrosomonas spp.), nitric acid (e.g. Nitrobacter spp.) or sulphuric acid (e.g. Thiobacillus spp.) (Warscheid and Braams, 2000; Roberts et al., 2002; Crispim and Gaylarde, 2005; Rubio et al., 2006)....
[...]
[...]
TL;DR: Subaerial biofilm metabolic activity centres on retention of water, protecting the cells from fluctuating environmental conditions and solar radiation as well as prolonging their vegetative life, which manifests itself as bio-weathering of rock surfaces.
Abstract: Biofilms are interface micro-habitats formed by microbes that differ markedly from those of the ambient environment. The term 'subaerial biofilm' (SAB) was coined for microbial communities that develop on solid mineral surfaces exposed to the atmosphere. Subaerial biofilms are ubiquitous, self-sufficient, miniature microbial ecosystems that are found on buildings, bare rocks in deserts, mountains, and at all latitudes where direct contact with the atmosphere and solar radiation occurs. Subaerial biofilms on exposed terrestrial surfaces are characterized by patchy growth that is dominated by associations of fungi, algae, cyanobacteria and heterotrophic bacteria. Inherent subaerial settlers include specialized actinobacteria (e.g. Geodermatophilus), cyanobacteria and microcolonial fungi. Individuals within SAB communities avoid sexual reproduction, but cooperate extensively with one another especially to avoid loss of energy and nutrients. Subaerial biofilm metabolic activity centres on retention of water, protecting the cells from fluctuating environmental conditions and solar radiation as well as prolonging their vegetative life. Atmospheric aerosols, gases and propagatory particles serve as sources of nutrients and inoculum for these open communities. Subaerial biofilms induce chemical and physical changes to rock materials, and they penetrate the mineral substrate contributing to rock and mineral decay, which manifests itself as bio-weathering of rock surfaces. Given their characteristic slow and sensitive growth, SAB may also serve as bioindicators of atmospheric and/or climate change.
520 citations
TL;DR: The best calcite precipitating strains were characterised by high ureolytic efficiency, homogeneous calcite deposition on limestone cubes and a very negative ζ-potential.
Abstract: To obtain a restoring and protective calcite layer on degraded limestone, five different strains of the Bacillus sphaericus group and one strain of Bacillus lentus were tested for their ureolytic driven calcium carbonate precipitation. Although all the Bacillus strains were capable of depositing calcium carbonate, differences occurred in the amount of precipitated calcium carbonate on agar plate colonies. Seven parameters involved in the process were examined: calcite deposition on limestone cubes, pH increase, urea degrading capacity, extracellular polymeric substances (EPS)-production, biofilm formation, zeta-potential and deposition of dense crystal layers. The strain selection for optimal deposition of a dense CaCO(3) layer on limestone, was based on decrease in water absorption rate by treated limestone. Not all of the bacterial strains were effective in the restoration of deteriorated Euville limestone. The best calcite precipitating strains were characterised by high ureolytic efficiency, homogeneous calcite deposition on limestone cubes and a very negative zeta-potential.
379 citations
Cites background from "Biodeterioration of stone: a review..."
...Wind and dust cause an eroding effect on limestone due to the continuous physical erosion of the surface (Warscheid & Braams 2000)....
[...]
TL;DR: A critical review of work on microbial biofilms on buildings of historic interest, including recent innovations resulting from molecular biology, is presented and microbial activities causing degradation are discussed.
Abstract: Cultural heritage monuments may be discolored and degraded by growth and activity of living organisms. Microorganisms form biofilms on surfaces of stone, with resulting aesthetic and structural damage. The organisms involved are bacteria (including actinomycetes and cyanobacteria), fungi, archaea, algae, and lichens. Interactions between these organisms and stone can enhance or retard the overall rate of degradation. Microorganisms within the stone structure (endoliths) also cause damage. They grow in cracks and pores and may bore into rocks. True endoliths, present within the rock, have been detected in calcareous and some siliceous stone monuments and are predominantly bacterial. The taxonomic groups differ from those found epilithically at the same sites. The nature of the stone substrate and the environmental conditions influence the extent of biofilm colonization and the biodeterioration processes. A critical review of work on microbial biofilms on buildings of historic interest, including recent innovations resulting from molecular biology, is presented and microbial activities causing degradation are discussed.
359 citations
References
More filters
Book•
01 Jan 1970
TL;DR: Biology of microorganisms, Biology of micro organisms, مرکز فناوری اطلاعات و اصاع رسانی, کδاوρزی
Abstract: Introduction - an overview of microbiology and cell biology cell chemistry cell biology metabolism, biosynthesis and nutrition macromolecules and molecular genetics viruses microbial genetics genetic engineering and biotechnology growth and its control industrial microbiology host-parasite relationships immunology and immunity clinical and diagnostic mibrobiology epidemiology and public health microbiology major microbial diseases metabolic diversity among the microorganisms microbial ecology molecular systematics and microbial evolution the bacteria archaea eukarya - eukaryotic microorganisms
2,240 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1979
TL;DR: The Gaia hypothesis as discussed by the authors explores the hypothesis that the Earth's living matter - air, ocean, and land surfaces, forms a complex system which has the capacity to keep Earth a fit place for life.
Abstract: In this classic work that continues to inspire its many readers, Jim Lovelock puts forward his idea that the life of earth functions as a single organism. Written for non-scientists, Gaia is a journey through time and space in search of evidence with which to support a new and radically different model of our planet. In contrast to the conventional belief that living matter is passive in the face of threats to its existence, the book explores the hypothesis that the Earth's living matter - air, ocean, and land surfaces, forms a complex system which has the capacity to keep Earth a fit place for life. Since Gaia was first published, many of Jim Lovelock's predictions have come true and his theory has become a hotly argued topic in scientific circles. In a new Preface to this revised impression, he outlines the present state of the debate.
1,906 citations
TL;DR: Three additional discoveries have increased interest among plant pathologists in fungal melanins, including a new class of fungicides that prevent direct penetra tion of plant tissue by inhibiting melanin biosynthesis in appressorial cells.
Abstract: Melanins are dark-brown to black pigments found in animals, plants, and microorganisms. These pigments are not essential for growth and develop ment, but rather they enhance the survival and competitive abilities of species in certain environments. The association of melanins with immune responses has been noted for plants (13) and invertebrates (180, 227, 239, 250). Melanin biosynthesis and function have been studied most extensively in animals, primarily because of the association of melanins with skin disorders (25,53, 188) and malignant melanomas (119). Melanins in the eye and inner ear have also received considerable attention because of their interactions with drugs (84). The synthesis of animal melanin from tyrosine by the action of tyrosinase is proven (52, 175, 270). Tyrosinase, the key enzyme in animal melanin synthesis, also occurs and is best characterized in the common mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) and Neurospora crassa (136). Consequently, some researchers have been hasty to conclude that fungal melanins also are derived from tyrosine. The importance of melanins for survival and longevity of fungal propagules has been recognized for many years (126, 235). During the past ten years three additional discoveries have increased interest among plant pathologists in fungal melanins. First, unique pathways for melanin biosynthesis were discovered in both Ascomycotina (16) and Basidiomycotina (234). Second, investigators discovered a new class of fungicides that prevent direct penetra tion of plant tissue by inhibiting melanin biosynthesis in appressorial cells (221, 223). Third, phytotoxins were discovered that are shunt products of
897 citations
TL;DR: Application of the concepts of architectural analysis to mixed- or pure-species biofilms will allow detailed examination of the relationships among biofilm structure, adaptation, and response to stress.
Abstract: Scanning confocal laser microscopy (SCLM) was used to visualize fully hydrated microbial biofilms. The improved rejection of out-of-focus haze and the increased resolution of SCLM made it preferable to conventional phase microscopy for the analysis of living biofilms. The extent of image improvement was dependent on the characteristics of individual biofilms and was most apparent when films were dispersed in three dimensions, when they were thick, and when they contained a high number of cells. SCLM optical sections were amenable to quantitative computer-enhanced microscopy analyses, with minimal interference originating from overlying or underlying cell material. By using SCLM in conjunction with viable negative fluorescence staining techniques, horizontal (xy) and sagittal (xz) sections of intact biofilms of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudomonas fluorescens, and Vibrio parahaemolyticus were obtained. These optical sections were then analyzed by image-processing techniques to assess the distribution of cellular and noncellular areas within the biofilm matrices. The Pseudomonas biofilms were most cell dense at their attachment surfaces and became increasingly diffuse near their outer regions, whereas the Vibrio biofilms exhibited the opposite trend. Biofilms consisting of different species exhibited distinctive arrangements of the major biofilm structural components (cellular and extracellular materials and space). In general, biofilms were found to be highly hydrated, open structures composed of 73 to 98% extracellular materials and space. The use of xz sectioning revealed more detail of biofilm structure, including the presence of large void spaces within the Vibrio biofilms. In addition, three-dimensional reconstructions of biofilms were constructed and were displayed as stereo pairs. Application of the concepts of architectural analysis to mixed- or pure-species biofilms will allow detailed examination of the relationships among biofilm structure, adaptation, and response to stress.
858 citations