Biodiesel from microalgae.
Citations
5,158 citations
Cites background from "Biodiesel from microalgae."
...5 h during the exponential growth phase [21]....
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...The average lipid content varies between 1 and 70% but under certain conditions some species can reach 90% of dry weight [14,15,21,32]....
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...They have much higher growth rates and productivity when compared to conventional forestry, agricultural crops, and other aquatic plants, requiring much less land area than other biodiesel feedstocks of agricultural origin, up to 49 or 132 times less when compared to rapeseed or soybean crops, for a 30% (w/w) of oil content in algae biomass [21]....
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4,432 citations
Cites background from "Biodiesel from microalgae."
...Sustainability is key to natural resource management or exploitation and it involves operational, environmental and socio-economic considerations; all of which are interdependent....
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...Judicious exploitation of microalgae could meet these conditions and therefore make a significant contribution to meeting the primary energy demand, while simultaneously providing environmental benefits [8]....
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...The outlined combination of potential biofuel production, CO2 fixation, biohydrogen production, and bio-treatment of wastewater underscore the potential applications of microalgae....
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...It identifies the knowledge gaps within each area which can be targeted for focused research and innovation aimed at sustainable development of algae-based biofuel technologies....
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...Prokaryotic cells (cyanobacteria) lack membrane-bound organelles (plastids, mitochondria, nuclei, Golgi bodies, and flagella) and are more akin to bacteria rather than algae....
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3,536 citations
2,714 citations
Cites background from "Biodiesel from microalgae."
...Today, the potential value of microbial, and particularly microalgal, photosynthesis to produce biofuels is, however, widely recognized (Chisti, 2007; Donohue and Cogdell, 2006; Hu et al., 2008; Huntley and Redalje, 2007; Schenk et al., 2008)....
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...The total content of lipids in microalgae may vary from about 1–85% of the dry weight (Borowitzka, 1988; Chisti, 2007; Spoehr and Milner, 1949), with values higher than 40% being typically achieved under nutrient limitation....
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...Plastic lined, paddle-wheel mixed raceway ponds are much less expensive to build and operate than PBR (but see Chisti, 2007 for a different opinion)....
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...One hectare of sunflower or rapeseed can produce a maximum of about 1,000 L of oil per year, while a hectare of oil palm, currently the best source, yields up to 6,000 L (Chisti, 2007)....
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...For example there is a limit to the extent of total unsaturation (iodine value) and to the content of fatty acids with four and more double bonds (Chisti, 2007)....
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2,254 citations
Cites background from "Biodiesel from microalgae."
...biodiesel production than traditional crops on an area basis (Table 1; [29])....
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...Using highly efficient closed algal bioreactors for biomass feedstock and biomethane production, microalgae can now be grown in large amounts (150–300 tons per ha per year; [29, 138])....
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...Of particular interest are lignocellulosic technologies and microalgae ([29, 76, 96, 155]; Table 1)....
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...Algal production systems are recognized as among the most efficient means of producing biomass for fuel (Table 1; [16, 29, 162]) and further improvements are likely...
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...Presented yields are for peak performing crops [16, 29, 162], although for example, Malaysia’s average oil palm yield is actually about 4 tons/ha [119]....
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References
3,793 citations
"Biodiesel from microalgae." refers background or methods in this paper
...Oil productivity of many microalgae greatly exceeds the oil productivity of the best producing oil crops....
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...The largest raceway-based biomass production facility occupies an area of 440,000 m2 (Spolaore et al., 2006)....
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...…using photobioreactors and raceway units of dimensions similar to those in Table 3 have indeed been used extensively in commercial operations (Terry and Raymond, 1985; Molina Grima, 1999; Molina Grima et al., 1999; Tredici, 1999; Pulz, 2001; Lorenz and Cysewski, 2003; Spolaore et al., 2006)....
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...Although these fatty acids have much higher oxidative stability compared with DHA and EPA, the European Standard EN 14214 limits linolenic acid methyl ester content in biodiesel for vehicle use to 12% (mol)....
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...Microalgae commonly double their biomass within 24 h. Biomass doubling times during exponential growth are commonly as short as 3.5 h. Oil content in microalgae can exceed 80% by weight of dry biomass (Metting, 1996; Spolaore et al., 2006)....
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3,232 citations
"Biodiesel from microalgae." refers background in this paper
...Transesterification is catalyzed by acids, alkalis (Fukuda et al., 2001; Meher et al., 2006) and lipase enzymes (Sharma et al., 2001)....
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...Economics of biodiesel production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....
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...…oil (Roessler et al., 1994; Sawayama et al., 1995; Dunahay et al., 1996; Sheehan et al., 1998; Banerjee et al., 2002; Gavrilescu and Chisti, 2005); and photobiologically produced biohydrogen (Ghirardi et al., 2000; Akkerman et al., 2002; Melis, 2002; Fedorov et al., 2005; Kapdan and Kargi, 2006)....
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...Technology for producing and using biodiesel has been known for more than 50 years (Knothe et al., 1997; Fukuda et al., 2001; Barnwal and Sharma, 2005; Demirbas, 2005; Van Gerpen, 2005; Felizardo et al., 2006; Kulkarni and Dalai, 2006; Meher et al., 2006)....
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2,220 citations
"Biodiesel from microalgae." refers methods in this paper
...The estimation methods used have been described previously (Humphreys, 1991; Molina Grima et al., 2003)....
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...5), centrifugation, and other means (Molina Grima et al., 2003)....
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2,185 citations
"Biodiesel from microalgae." refers background or methods in this paper
...This is likely to change as several companies are attempting to commercialize microalgal biodiesel....
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...Technology for producing and using biodiesel has been known for more than 50 years (Knothe et al., 1997; Fukuda et al., 2001; Barnwal and Sharma, 2005; Demirbas, 2005; Van Gerpen, 2005; Felizardo et al., 2006; Kulkarni and Dalai, 2006; Meher et al., 2006)....
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...These include methane produced by anaerobic digestion of the algal biomass (Spolaore et al., 2006); biodiesel derived from microalgal oil (Roessler et al., 1994; Sawayama et al., 1995; Dunahay et al., 1996; Sheehan et al., 1998; Banerjee et al., 2002; Gavrilescu and Chisti, 2005); and…...
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...Alkali-catalyzed transesterification is about 4000 times faster than the acid catalyzed reaction (Fukuda et al., 2001)....
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...Yield of methyl esters exceeds 98% on a weight basis (Fukuda et al., 2001)....
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2,164 citations
"Biodiesel from microalgae." refers background in this paper
...Technology for producing and using biodiesel has been known for more than 50 years (Knothe et al., 1997; Fukuda et al., 2001; Barnwal and Sharma, 2005; Demirbas, 2005; Van Gerpen, 2005; Felizardo et al., 2006; Kulkarni and Dalai, 2006; Meher et al., 2006)....
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