Biodiesel processing and production

doi:10.1016/J.FUPROC.2004.11.005

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Biodiesel processing and production

Journal Article•DOI•

Biodiesel processing and production

Jon Van Gerpen¹•Institutions (1)

University of Idaho¹

25 Jun 2005-Fuel Processing Technology (Elsevier)-Vol. 86, Iss: 10, pp 1097-1107

TL;DR: Biodiesel is an alternative diesel fuel that is produced from vegetable oils and animal fats, which consists of the monoalkyl esters formed by a catalyzed reaction of the triglycerides in the oil or fat with a simple monohydric alcohol.

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About: This article is published in Fuel Processing Technology.The article was published on 2005-06-25. It has received 2164 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Biodiesel production & Biodiesel.

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Journal Article•DOI•

Biodiesel from microalgae.

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Yusuf Chisti¹•Institutions (1)

Massey University¹

01 May 2007-Biotechnology Advances

TL;DR: As demonstrated here, microalgae appear to be the only source of renewable biodiesel that is capable of meeting the global demand for transport fuels.

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9,030 citations

Cites background from "Biodiesel processing and production..."

...Technology for producing and using biodiesel has been known for more than 50 years (Knothe et al., 1997; Fukuda et al., 2001; Barnwal and Sharma, 2005; Demirbas, 2005; Van Gerpen, 2005; Felizardo et al., 2006; Kulkarni and Dalai, 2006; Meher et al., 2006)....
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Journal Article•DOI•

A review on biodiesel production using catalyzed transesterification

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Dennis Y.C. Leung¹, Xuan Wu¹, Michael K.H. Leung¹•Institutions (1)

University of Hong Kong¹

01 Apr 2010-Applied Energy

TL;DR: In this article, the main factors affecting the yield of biodiesel, i.e. alcohol quantity, reaction time, reaction temperature and catalyst concentration, are discussed, as well as new new processes for biodiesel production.

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2,207 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Production of liquid biofuels from renewable resources

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Poonam Singh Nee Nigam¹, Anoop Singh²•Institutions (2)

Ulster University¹, University College Cork²

01 Feb 2011-Progress in Energy and Combustion Science

TL;DR: An up-to-date review of the literature available on the subject of liquid bio-fuels can be found in this article, which includes information based on the research conducted globally by scientists according to their local socio-cultural and economic situations.

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1,948 citations

Cites background from "Biodiesel processing and production..."

...However, due to the lower yields and the long reaction times the enzymatic processes can still not compete with other processes at industrial scale [12,161,182]....
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...Nevertheless, the equipment productivity is low and the operating costs are high [161]....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Preparation and Characterization of CaO Nanoparticles/NaX Zeolite Catalysts for the Transesterification of Sunflower Oil

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Sandra Luz Martínez¹, Rubi Romero¹, José Carlos López¹, Amaya Romero², Víctor Sánchez Mendieta³, Reyna Natividad¹ - Show less +2 more•Institutions (3)

National Autonomous University of Mexico¹, University of Castilla–La Mancha², Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México³

02 Mar 2011-Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research

TL;DR: In this article, the results of the transesterification of sunflower oil with methanol to produce biodiesel using CaO nanoparticles supported on NaX zeolite as catalyst were reported.

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Abstract: Biodiesel is produced by the transesterification of oil triglycerides with methanol or ethanol, in the presence of a homogeneous or heterogeneous catalyst. This study aims to report the results of the transesterification of sunflower oil with methanol to produce biodiesel using CaO nanoparticles supported on NaX zeolite as catalyst. The effect of the CaO nanoparticles concentration on the NaX zeolite surface was studied in the range of 5−25 wt %. The transesterification reaction was carried out at reflux temperature of methanol, atmospheric pressure, a reaction time of 6 h, and with a 6:1 molar ratio of methanol to sunflower oil. Catalyst characterization was carried out by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. It was concluded that methyl esters content is highly influenced by basicity and that the best catalyst was the one holding 16 wt % CaO nanoparticles. The produced biodiesel was 93.5% methyl esters and was found to fulfill the specifications of Europ...

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1,687 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

A comprehensive review on biodiesel as an alternative energy resource and its characteristics

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Abdulaziz Atabani¹, Abdulaziz Atabani², Arridina Susan Silitonga², Irfan Anjum Badruddin², Teuku Meurah Indra Mahlia², Haji Hassan Masjuki², Saad Mekhilef² - Show less +3 more•Institutions (2)

University of Khartoum¹, University of Malaya²

01 May 2012-Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews

TL;DR: In this article, a detailed review has been conducted to highlight different related aspects to the biodiesel industry, including, biodiesel feedstocks, extraction and production methods, properties and qualities of biodiesel, problems and potential solutions of using vegetable oil, advantages and disadvantages of biodies, the economical viability and finally the future of the future biodiesel.

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Abstract: As the fossil fuels are depleting day by day, there is a need to find out an alternative fuel to fulfill the energy demand of the world. Biodiesel is one of the best available resources that have come to the forefront recently. In this paper, a detailed review has been conducted to highlight different related aspects to biodiesel industry. These aspects include, biodiesel feedstocks, extraction and production methods, properties and qualities of biodiesel, problems and potential solutions of using vegetable oil, advantages and disadvantages of biodiesel, the economical viability and finally the future of biodiesel. The literature reviewed was selective and critical. Highly rated journals in scientific indexes were the preferred choice, although other non-indexed publications, such as Scientific Research and Essays or some internal reports from highly reputed organizations such as International Energy Agency (IEA), Energy Information Administration (EIA) and British Petroleum (BP) have also been cited. Based on the overview presented, it is clear that the search for beneficial biodiesel sources should focus on feedstocks that do not compete with food crops, do not lead to land-clearing and provide greenhouse-gas reductions. These feedstocks include non-edible oils such as Jatropha curcas and Calophyllum inophyllum , and more recently microalgae and genetically engineered plants such as poplar and switchgrass have emerged to be very promising feedstocks for biodiesel production. It has been found that feedstock alone represents more than 75% of the overall biodiesel production cost. Therefore, selecting the best feedstock is vital to ensure low production cost. It has also been found that the continuity in transesterification process is another choice to minimize the production cost. Biodiesel is currently not economically feasible, and more research and technological development are needed. Thus supporting policies are important to promote biodiesel research and make their prices competitive with other conventional sources of energy. Currently, biodiesel can be more effective if used as a complement to other energy sources.

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1,496 citations

Cites background from "Biodiesel processing and production..."

...Fuels hat do not meet these specifications are prone to coking; thus, may ause the formation of deposits on the injector nozzles, pistons and alves [41,116,131]....
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...Advantages of biodiesel Biodiesel has 10–11% of oxygen; this makes biodiesel a fuel with high combustion characteristics [29,35,53,64,75,76,79,114,122,126,149,154,157,176] Biodiesel reduces net carbon-dioxide emissions by 78% on a lifecycle basis when compared to conventional diesel fuel and reduces smoke due to free soot [35,131,154]...
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...Sediment may consist of suspended rust and dirt particles or it may originate from the fuel as insoluble compounds formed during fuel oxidation [116,131,132]....
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...It has lower volatilities that cause the formation of deposits in engines due to incomplete combustion characteristics [2,29,47,53,58,79,93,118,131,134,180]...
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References

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Journal Article•DOI•

Variables affecting the yields of fatty esters from transesterified vegetable oils

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B. Freedman, E. H. Pryde, T. L. Mounts

01 Oct 1984-Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors showed that the conversion to methyl, ethyl and butyl esters from cottonseed, peanut, soybean and sunflower oils can be done in 1 hr with an alkaline catalyst.

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Abstract: Transesterification reaction variables that affect yield and purity of the product esters from cottonseed, peanut, soybean and sunflower oils include molar ratio of alcohol to vegetable oil, type of catalyst (alkaline vs acidic), temperature and degree of refinement of the vegetable oil. With alkaline catalysts (either sodium hydroxide or methoxide), temperatures of 60 C or higher, molar ratios of at least 6 to 1 and with fully refined oils, conversion to methyl, ethyl and butyl esters was essentially complete in 1 hr. At moderate temperatures (32 C), vegetable oils were 99% transesterified in ca. 4 hr with an alkaline catalyst. Transesterification by acid catalysis was much slower than by alkali catalysis. Although the crude oils could be transesterified, ester yields were reduced because of gums and extraneous material present in the crude oils.

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1,990 citations

"Biodiesel processing and production..." refers background in this paper

...Freedman et al. [ 19 ] presented the results of a parametric study of the transesterification reaction variables that included temperature, molar ratio of alcohol to oil, type of catalyst, and the degree of refinement of the oil....
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...Fig. 1. Effect of alcohol to oil ratio on product composition for transesterification [ 19 ]....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil: 1. Process design and technological assessment

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Y. Zhang¹, Marc A. Dubé¹, David D. McLean¹, Morris Kates¹•Institutions (1)

University of Ottawa¹

01 Aug 2003-Bioresource Technology

TL;DR: The acid-catalyzed process using waste cooking oil proved to be technically feasible with less complexity than the alkali-catalystzed process, thereby making it a competitive alternative to commercial biodiesel production by the alkaline-catalyszed process.

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1,719 citations

"Biodiesel processing and production..." refers methods in this paper

...Zhang et al. [ 45 ,46] have reviewed the commonly used procedures for producing biodiesel, including a process simulation using the commercial software package HYSYS....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil: 2. Economic assessment and sensitivity analysis.

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Y. Zhang¹, Marc A. Dubé¹, David D. McLean¹, Morris Kates¹•Institutions (1)

University of Ottawa¹

01 Dec 2003-Bioresource Technology

TL;DR: Plant capacity and prices of feedstock oils and biodiesel were found to be the most significant factors affecting the economic viability of biodiesel manufacture.

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1,190 citations

"Biodiesel processing and production..." refers methods in this paper

...Zhang et al. [45, 46 ] have reviewed the commonly used procedures for producing biodiesel, including a process simulation using the commercial software package HYSYS....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Biodiesel fuel from rapeseed oil as prepared in supercritical methanol

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Shiro Saka¹, Dadan Kusdiana¹•Institutions (1)

Kyoto University¹

01 Jan 2001-Fuel

TL;DR: In this paper, the transesterification reaction of rapeseed oil in supercritical methanol was investigated without using any catalyst, and it was shown that in a preheating temperature of 350°C, 240 s of supercritical treatment of methenol was sufficient to convert the rapeseed oils to methyl esters.

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1,041 citations

"Biodiesel processing and production..." refers background or result in this paper

...Enzymes have shown good tolerance for the free fatty acid level of the feedstock, but the enzymes are expensive and unable to provide the degree of reaction completion required to meet the ASTM fuel specification [ 26 ]....
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...Dasari et al. [33] measured reaction rates without catalysts at temperatures of 120 8 Ct o 180 8C. They noted the difficulty of reproducing reaction kinetics results of other researchers [ 31 ,35] and attributed it to catalytic effects at the surfaces of the reaction vessels and noted these effects would be exacerbated at higher temperatures....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Kinetics of transesterification in rapeseed oil to biodiesel fuel as treated in supercritical methanol

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Dadan Kusdiana¹, Shiro Saka¹•Institutions (1)

Kyoto University¹

01 Apr 2001-Fuel

TL;DR: In this paper, a kinetic study in free catalyst transesterification of rapeseed oil was made in subcritical and supercritical methanol under different reaction conditions of temperatures and reaction times.

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793 citations