Bioelectrical Impedance Methods for Noninvasive Health Monitoring: A Review.
17 Jun 2014-Vol. 2014, pp 381251-381251
TL;DR: The working principles, applications, merits, and demerits of these methods has been discussed in detail along with their other technical issues followed by present status and future trends.
Abstract: Under the alternating electrical excitation, biological tissues produce a complex electrical impedance which depends on tissue composition, structures, health status, and applied signal frequency, and hence the bioelectrical impedance methods can be utilized for noninvasive tissue characterization. As the impedance responses of these tissue parameters vary with frequencies of the applied signal, the impedance analysis conducted over a wide frequency band provides more information about the tissue interiors which help us to better understand the biological tissues anatomy, physiology, and pathology. Over past few decades, a number of impedance based noninvasive tissue characterization techniques such as bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), electrical impedance plethysmography (IPG), impedance cardiography (ICG), and electrical impedance tomography (EIT) have been proposed and a lot of research works have been conducted on these methods for noninvasive tissue characterization and disease diagnosis. In this paper BIA, EIS, IPG, ICG, and EIT techniques and their applications in different fields have been reviewed and technical perspective of these impedance methods has been presented. The working principles, applications, merits, and demerits of these methods has been discussed in detail along with their other technical issues followed by present status and future trends.
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Cites background from "Bioelectrical Impedance Methods for..."
...Fat tissues are characterized by low electrical conductivity (i.e., high impedance values) while lean tissues present high electrical conductivity (i.e., low impedance values) due to the high content of electrolytes (Kanti Bera, 2014)....
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TL;DR: The basis and fundamentals of bioimpedance measurements are described covering issues ranging from the hardware diagrams to the configurations and designs of the electrodes and from the mathematical models that describe the frequency behavior of the bioimpingance to the sources of noise and artifacts.
Abstract: This work develops a thorough review of bioimpedance systems for healthcare applications. The basis and fundamentals of bioimpedance measurements are described covering issues ranging from the hardware diagrams to the configurations and designs of the electrodes and from the mathematical models that describe the frequency behavior of the bioimpedance to the sources of noise and artifacts. Bioimpedance applications such as body composition assessment, impedance cardiography (ICG), transthoracic impedance pneumography, electrical impedance tomography (EIT), and skin conductance are described and analyzed. A breakdown of recent advances and future challenges of bioimpedance is also performed, addressing topics such as transducers for biosensors and Lab-on-Chip technology, measurements in implantable systems, characterization of new parameters and substances, and novel bioimpedance applications.
87 citations
References
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TL;DR: A resistive mesh phantom is described to assess the performance of EIT systems while taking into account cabling stray effects similar to in vivo conditions, and three performance indicators that can be measured with the authors' phantom for every measurement of an EIT data frame are described: SNR, accuracy, and modeling accuracy.
Abstract: Assessing the performance of electrical impedance tomography (EIT) systems usually requires a phantom for validation, calibration, or comparison purposes. This paper describes a resistive mesh phantom to assess the performance of EIT systems while taking into account cabling stray effects similar to in vivo conditions. This phantom is built with 340 precision resistors on a printed circuit board representing a 2-D circular homogeneous medium. It also integrates equivalent electrical models of the Ag/AgCl electrode impedances. The parameters of the electrode models were fitted from impedance curves measured with an impedance analyzer. The technique used to build the phantom is general and applicable to phantoms of arbitrary shape and conductivity distribution. We describe three performance indicators that can be measured with our phantom for every measurement of an EIT data frame: SNR, accuracy, and modeling accuracy. These performance indicators were evaluated on our EIT system under different frame rates and applied current intensities. The performance indicators are dependent on frame rate, operating frequency, applied current intensity, measurement strategy, and intermodulation distortion when performing simultaneous measurements at several frequencies. These parameter values should, therefore, always be specified when reporting performance indicators to better appreciate their significance.
64 citations
TL;DR: Three groups of materials have been assessed with a Hewlett-Packard 4284A impedance analyser and Sheffield Mark 1 electrical impedance tomography (EIT) system for suitability for calibration of multifrequency EIT systems.
Abstract: Three groups of materials have been assessed with a Hewlett-Packard 4284A impedance analyser and Sheffield Mark 1 electrical impedance tomography (EIT) system for suitability for calibration of multifrequency EIT systems. They were required to be easy to use, stable over several hours, and have complex impedance similar to biological tissue. The groups were: (i) inorganic materials including barium titanate, polystyrene microspheres and fumed silica, all in aqueous suspension; these had phase angles below 1 degrees and so were unsuitable. (ii) Cucumber in KCl solution. Cucumber cortex had a phase angle of 40 degrees at a centre frequency of 50 kHz. Contrast between the cucumber and bathing solution could be selected by varying the KCl concentration. (iii) Polyurethane sponge immersed in packed red cells. The phase angle of packed cells was about 25 degrees at 1 MHz. Sponge resistivities and permittivities when immersed in packed cells were 5-20% higher than the bathing solution itself, for densities of 2-6.2% w/v. Both the biological materials appear suitable for the intended purpose; system (iii) is inherently more stable, and has capacitance in both bathing medium and test object. If an initial accuracy of greater than about +/- 15% is required, direct measurement with an impedance analyser is recommended prior to imaging studies.
63 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a computer simulation platform is presented which is able to investigate error sources in dimensional X-ray computed tomography (CT) measurements, taking into account the main error sources for the measurement.
62 citations
TL;DR: The aim of this research was to assess the potential accuracy and robustness of systems using low-resolution images, resulting in considerable savings on hardware costs, enabling the development of systems which may be implemented in a wide range of applications.
60 citations
TL;DR: This work investigates the electrical properties of the antibody-antigen modified diamond and silicon surfaces using electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and shows it is possible to directly observe antigen-antibody interaction at a fixed frequency in real time, with no additional labeling.
Abstract: The integration of biological molecules with semiconducting materials such as silicon and diamond has great potential for the development of new types of bioelectronic devices, such as biosensors and bioactuators. We have investigated the electrical properties of the antibody–antigen modified diamond and silicon surfaces using electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Frequency dependent measurements at the open-circuit potential show: (a) significant changes in impedance at frequency >104 Hz when the surface immobilized IgG was exposed to anti-IgG, and (b) only little or no change when exposed to anti-IgM. Mott–Schottky measurements at high frequency (200 kHz) show that the impedance is dominated by the space charge layer of the semiconducting substrates. Silicon surfaces modified in a similar manner to the diamond surface are compared; n-type and p-type samples show complementary behavior, as expected for a field effect. We also show it is possible to directly observe antigen–antibody interaction at a fixed frequency in real time, and with no additional labeling.
59 citations