Biological activity of astilbin from Dimorphandra mollis against Anticarsia gemmatalis and Spodoptera frugiperda
TL;DR: Astilbin was isolated in high yield from Dimorphandra mollis, and its insecticidal and growth inhibiting activity by stomach ingestion were evaluated against Anticarsia gemmatalis and Spodoptera frugiperda as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Astilbin was isolated in high yield from Dimorphandra mollis, and its insecticidal and growth inhibiting activity by stomach ingestion were evaluated against Anticarsia gemmatalis and Spodoptera frugiperda. The insecticidal activity of astilbin, the weight reduction of the larval phase and the prolongation of the larval and pupal phases were verified for both species. Astilbin was identified on the base of its NMR, MS and physical data.
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TL;DR: Asteraceae extracts present potential for integrated pest management programs of S. frugiperda and their parasitoids Telenomus remus and Trichogramma pretiosum.
83 citations
TL;DR: The results of nutritional indices and the cluster analysis indicated that tomato Meshkin was an unsuitable host for feeding of H. armigera.
Abstract: Nutritional indices of Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on different host plants including chickpea (cultivars Arman, Hashem, Azad, and Binivich), common bean (cultivar Khomein), white kidney bean (cultivar Dehghan), red kidney bean (cultivar Goli), cowpea (cultivar Mashhad), tomato (cultivar Meshkin) and potato (cultivars Agria and Satina) were studied under laboratory conditions (25 ± 1 °C, 65 ± 5% RH, 16:8 L:D). Third instar larvae reared on potato Agria showed the highest efficiency of conversion of digested food (ECD) and efficiency of conversion of ingested food (ECI) (50.800 e 0.104% and 13.630 ± 0.016%, respectively). Approximate digestibility (AD) values of the fourth instar larvae were highest (92.651 ± 0.004%) and lowest (57.140 — 0.049%) on chickpea Azad and potato Agria, respectively. The fifth instar larvae fed on tomato Meshkin and white kidney bean Dehghan had the highest consumption index (CI) (3.717 ± 0.091) and relative consumption rate (RCR) (1.620 ± 0.074), respectively. Whole larval instars showed the highest ECI and ECD values on potatoes Satina (14.640 ± 0.014%) and Agria (21.380 ± 0.015%), respectively, and the lowest of both values on tomato Meshkin (ECI: 5.748 ± 0.002% and ECD: 7.341 ± 0.002%). The results of nutritional indices and the cluster analysis indicated that tomato Meshkin was an unsuitable host for feeding of H. armigera.
75 citations
TL;DR: Astilbin may act as an efficient therapeutic agent for arthritis like CsA but with less toxicity, its mechanism includes a selective suppression on lymphocyte functions via reducing MMP and NO production.
Abstract: Objective and Design: To examine the therapeutic effects of astilbin, a flavanoid isolated from Rhizoma Smilacis Glabrae, on arthritis and to compare it with cyclosporine A (CsA).
Materials and Methods: Type II collagen-induced arthritis in mice and its in vitro assays for proliferation, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) and NO production were performed.
Results: Astilbin dose-dependently inhibited the footpad swelling, arthritic incidence, and clinical scores without influencing the body weights, while CsA showed strong inhibition with a significant weight loss. Histological examination revealed marked inflammatory damage in arthritic mice including joint swelling, synovial hyperplasia, and cartilage destruction. Against these, an intact joint structure was maintained in astilbin-treated or CsA-treated mice. In isolated spleen cells from arthritic mice, increased potentials in proliferation, NO production, and MMP-2 and 9 activities were suppressed dose-dependently by the oral administration of astilbin. Additionally, astilbin showed neither any cytotoxicity to nor influence on Con A-induced proliferation of spleen cells from naive mice, while CsA showed a dose-dependent cytotoxicity and inhibition of the proliferation.
Conclusions: Astilbin may act as an efficient therapeutic agent for arthritis like CsA but with less toxicity. Its mechanism includes a selective suppression on lymphocyte functions via reducing MMP and NO production.
69 citations
TL;DR: Astilbin alleviates contact hypersensitivity through a unique mechanism involving a negative cytokine regulation through stimulating IL-10, which is distinct from the immunosuppressant cyclosporin A.
Abstract: Background IL-10 is known as a negative regulator for inflammatory diseases, including contact dermatitis. However, only a few drug candidates are reported to induce endogenous IL-10. Objective We sought to elucidate a new mechanism underlying the immunosuppressive properties of astilbin through negative cytokine regulation in comparison with the effective pattern with cyclosporin A. Methods Contact hypersensitivity was induced in mice with picryl chloride. Lymph node cells were isolated for adoptive transfer and cytokine assays. Results Astilbin significantly inhibited contact hypersensitivity when given in the elicitation phase but not in the sensitization phase, whereas cyclosporin A inhibited both phases. Lymph node cells from donor mice administered astilbin failed to adoptively transfer the hypersensitivity. Astilbin in vivo remarkably induced IL-10 expression in lymph node cells at an earlier time and decreased TNF-α and IFN-γ expression at a later time. Furthermore, the in vivo neutralization of IL-10 significantly impaired the effect of astilbin on contact hypersensitivity. In the isolated lymphocytes sensitized with picryl chloride in vivo and challenged with trinitrobenzene–sulfonic acid in vitro , astilbin did not affect the cell proliferation but modulated the above cytokine profiles as its in vivo effect in a concentration-dependent manner and furthermore significantly enhanced the expressions of suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 and 3. On the other hand, cyclosporin A strongly inhibited proinflammatory cytokine production but influenced neither IL-10 nor downstream suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 and 3 expression. Conclusion Astilbin alleviates contact hypersensitivity through a unique mechanism involving a negative cytokine regulation through stimulating IL-10, which is distinct from the immunosuppressant cyclosporin A.
56 citations
26 Apr 2011
TL;DR: The study of potential resistance of soybean cultivars by comparing the performance of H. armigera on these cultivars can play an important role in identifying the anti-digestive or anti-feedant compounds and their further use in the pest management programs.
Abstract: Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) is one of the major devastating and highly polyphagous insect pests in many parts of the world (Liu et al., 2004; Naseri et al., 2009 a, b; Naseri et al., 2011). This species has a high potential for population increase and outbreak on different host plants including soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) throughout the world. Helicoverpa armigera is a major pest of more than 60 cultivated and uncultivated plant species, distributed in 47 families (Zalucki et al., 1994). To determine the potential of different soybean cultivars to help manage H. armigera populations, data on the effects of various cultivars on the pest's digestive enzymes, survival, development time, reproduction, population growth and nutritional indices are necessary. Such experiments essentially measure the potential for antibiosis resistance. Host plant resistance has been used effectively in sustainable integrated management programs for several crop pests. Plants with antibiosis machanism may reduce directly insect survival, size or weight, longevity, and fecundity in new generation adults, or they may have an indirect effect by increasing the exposure of the insect to its natural enemies due to prolonged developmental time (Sarfraz et al., 2006). In terms of production and trade, soybean is the most important leguminous crop in the world due to its high protein (35-40 %) and oil content (15-22 %). In recent years (especially after 1950), soybean production has been seriously affected by H. armigera. In spite of high level of natural mortality, H. armigera needs to be controlled by synthetic pesticides (Fitt, 1994). Despite extensive use of synthetic insecticides to control H. armigera, it has developed/evolved resistance to these insecticides, extremely reducing the number of effective approaches to its control (Armes et al., 1992). Consequently, there is considerable interest in alternative management tactics, which might be applied in area-wide or more restricted basis. Environmentally safe techniques are not widely used in rural areas, probably because these products are too expensive or their effectiveness is highly variable (Sharma, 2001). Therefore, the study of potential resistance of soybean cultivars by comparing the performance of H. armigera on these cultivars can play an important role in identifying the anti-digestive or anti-feedant compounds and their further use in the pest management programs.
48 citations
References
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TL;DR: It is argued that physicochemical conditions of the environment that control phenolic oxidation generate variation in ecological activity and that experiments must be designed with conditions appropriate to the biochemical mode of phenolic action.
Abstract: The ecological activities of plant phenolics are diverse and highly variable. Although some variation is attributable to differences in concentration, structure, and evolutionary history of association with target organisms, much of it is unexplained, making it difficult to predict when and where phenolics will be active. I suggest that our understanding is limited by a failure to appreciate the importance of oxidative activation and the conditions that influence it. I summarize examples of oxidative activation of phenolics in ecological interactions, and argue that physicochemical conditions of the environment that control phenolic oxidation generate variation in ecological activity. Finally, I suggest that measurements of oxidative conditions can improve our predictions of phenolic activity and that experiments must be designed with conditions appropriate to the biochemical mode of phenolic action.
675 citations
TL;DR: The chapter concludes with an overview and summary of potential roles of tannins in plants other than defensive activity against herbivores, and suggestions for research needs.
Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter traces the historical background of plant tannins. It describes distribution, chemistry, potential modes of action, and the quantitative evaluation of tannins. Biological activity of tannins on herbivores is presented. Botanical works considered tannins as excretory products, but sometimes because of their widespread occurrence in bark, as protective agents against invading microorganisms. With respect to herbivores, Haberlandt and Nierenstein suggested that tannins could be protective. Tannins may be present in any or all plant parts but are often at higher concentrations in woody, lignified tissues. In leaves they may decrease or increase with age of the leaf. Chemically, tannins are polyphenolic compounds with a molecular weight between 300 and 3000 Daltons. Compounds that act as tannins in forming complexes with proteins and other macromolecules can be divided into four groups, i.e., according to chemical structure, molecular weight, water solubility, and tannin action. The two major structural groups of tannins include the condensed tannins and the hydrolyzable tannins. Condensed tannins are the most widely distributed tannins in vascular plants. Hydrolyzable tannins are restricted to the dicotyledons. Depending on the acids obtained from the hydrolysis, hydrolysable tannins are conventionally divided into gallotannins or ellagitannins. The chapter concludes with an overview and summary of potential roles of tannins in plants other than defensive activity against herbivores, and suggestions for research needs.
379 citations
TL;DR: The validity of a flavonoid fraction obtained from a crude extract of Hypericum perforatum was checked in open field experiments and in the FST after 12 days of daily treatment to exclude false positive results.
Abstract: It has been shown recently that a flavonoid fraction (fraction II) obtained from a crude extract of Hypericum perforatum (St John's Wort) was remarkably active in the forced swimming test (FST) Fraction II was further separated using MLCCC to give fractions IIa and IIb Both fractions proved to be active in the FST at different dosages Further separation of fraction IIa by preparative HPLC yielded fraction IIa1 which mainly was composed of hyperoside, isoquercitrin, miquelianin and quercitrin, and fraction IIa2 which contained small amounts of hyperoside and astilbin, while most compounds were not known Both fractions were active after acute treatment in the FST Isolates obtained from these fractions including hyperoside, isoquercitrin, quercitrin, miquelianin, the aglycone quercetin and astilbin, were tested for activity in the FST Except for quercetin, quercitrin and astilbin all compounds were active To exclude false positive results in the FST the validity was checked in open field experiments and in the FST after 12 days of daily treatment
345 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors found that chlorogenic acid and rutin, major phenolic constituents of tomato foliage, as well as a phenolic-rich aqueous extract of tomato leaves, inhibit early larval growth of Heliothis zea, when added to an artificial diet for this insect.
Abstract: Chlorogenic acid and rutin, major phenolic constituents of tomato foliage, as well as a phenolic-rich aqueous extract of tomato foliage, inhibit early larval growth of the fruit-worm, Heliothis zea, when added to an artificial diet for this insect. Linear dose-response relationships between dietary concentration and inhibition of growth indicate that chlorogenic acid and rutin are equitoxic. In contrast, an uncharacterized anthocyanin isolated from tomato foliage had no inhibitory effect on H. zea. A steroidal glycoalkaloid from tomato foliage, α-tomatine, is significantly more toxic than all of the phenolics tested.
Dietary concentrations of chlorogenic acid or rutin up to 1% wet weight had no adverse effects on feeding rate, digestibility and dietary utilization of food, or weight gain when fed to 3rd- or 5th-instar larvae. Early instar larvae (neonate to 2nd-instar) are sensitive to toxicosis from rutin whereas later stage larvae (3rd-5th-instars) are not, and toxicity can be overcome within 48 hr by transferring larvae from a rutin-enriched diet to control diet.
RESUME
Toxicite des composes phenoliques de la tomate sur Heliothis zea
L'acide chlorogenique et la rutine, principaux composes phenoliques du feuillage de la tomate, aussi bien que l'extrait acqueux de feuilles riche en phenols, inhibent la croissance d'Heliothis zea. On a obtenu une relation entre la concentration dans le regime alimentaire et l'inhibition de la croissance en etudiant les chenilles neonates sur regimes impregnes de ces composes ou extraits. L'acide chlorogenique et la rutine ont ete equitoxiques pour les chenilles neonates. A l'oppose, une anthocyanine, non caracterisee, isolee du feuillage de tomate, n'a pas eu d'effet inhibiteur sur H. zea. Un glycoalcaloide steroidal (une α-tomatine) du feuillage de tomate est significativement plus toxique que tous les composes phenoliques testes. Cependant, les concentrations jusqu'a 1% w/wt d'acide chlorogenique et de rutine n'ont pas d'effets negatifs sur la consommation, la digestibilite et l'utilisation alimentaire de la nourriture, ou sur le gain de poids quand ils sont consommes par les chenilles de 3eme ou 5eme stade. Les stades precoces (neonate a 2eme stade) sont plus sensibles aux toxicoses a la rutine que les stades plus tardifs (3eme ou 5eme stade), et la toxicite peut etre surmontee dans les 48 h apres transfert des chenilles d'un regime enrichi en rutine sur un regime temoin.
199 citations
TL;DR: All the tested compounds except cedrelanolide showed comparable activity to that of toosendanin, and all the compounds tested inhibited larval growth, compared to the control, in a concentration-dependent manner.
Abstract: Dichloromethane extracts of Cedrela salvadorensis and Cedrela dugessi afforded a photogedunin epimeric mixture, gedunin and cedrelanolide. These compounds and the photogedunin epimeric acetates 3 and 4 at the 23-OH position were evaluated against Spodoptera frugiperda. Toosendanin, isolated from Melia azedarach, was used as a positive control. When tested for activity on neonate larvae into the no-choice bioassays, gedunin, photogedunin epimeric mixture, and photogedunin acetates mixture caused significant larval mortality with LC(50) of 39.0, 10.0, and 8.0 ppm at 7 days, respectively, as well as growth reduction. All the compounds tested inhibited larval growth, compared to the control, in a concentration-dependent manner. In addition, it was possible to observe significant reduced pupal weights and adult emergence. All the tested compounds except cedrelanolide showed comparable activity to that of toosendanin.
119 citations