Biological effects and medical applications of infrared radiation
01 May 2017-Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B-biology (J Photochem Photobiol B)-Vol. 170, pp 197-207
TL;DR: Nerve cells respond particularly well to IR, which has been proposed for a range of neurostimulation and neuromodulation applications, and recent progress in neural stimulation and regeneration are discussed in this review.
Abstract: Infrared (IR) radiation is electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths between 760nm and 100,000nm. Low-level light therapy (LLLT) or photobiomodulation (PBM) therapy generally employs light at red and near-infrared wavelengths (600-100nm) to modulate biological activity. Many factors, conditions, and parameters influence the therapeutic effects of IR, including fluence, irradiance, treatment timing and repetition, pulsing, and wavelength. Increasing evidence suggests that IR can carry out photostimulation and photobiomodulation effects particularly benefiting neural stimulation, wound healing, and cancer treatment. Nerve cells respond particularly well to IR, which has been proposed for a range of neurostimulation and neuromodulation applications, and recent progress in neural stimulation and regeneration are discussed in this review. The applications of IR therapy have moved on rapidly in recent years. For example, IR therapy has been developed that does not actually require an external power source, such as IR-emitting materials, and garments that can be powered by body heat alone. Another area of interest is the possible involvement of solar IR radiation in photoaging or photorejuvenation as opposites sides of the coin, and whether sunscreens should protect against solar IR? A better understanding of new developments and biological implications of IR could help us to improve therapeutic effectiveness or develop new methods of PBM using IR wavelengths.
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TL;DR: Hellwege et al. as mentioned in this paper presented a series of articles about magnetische Eigenschaften freier Radikale. But they focused on the atom-and Molekularphysik.
Abstract: Zahlenwerte und Funktionen aus Naturwissenschaften und Technik Von Landolt-Bornstein. Neue Serie. Gesamtherausgabe: K. H. Hellwege. Gruppe II: Atom- und Molekularphysik. Band 1: Magnetische Eigenschaften freier Radikale. Von H. Fischer. Herausgeber: K. H. Hellwege und A. M. Hellwege. Pp. x + 154. (Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1965.) 68 D.M.
358 citations
TL;DR: The state-of-the-art preclinical and clinical evidence regarding the efficacy of brain PBM therapy is reviewed, with a focus on the transcranial PBM approach.
Abstract: Brain photobiomodulation (PBM) therapy using red to near-infrared (NIR) light is an innovative treatment for a wide range of neurological and psychological conditions. Red/NIR light is able to stimulate complex IV of the mitochondrial respiratory chain (cytochrome c oxidase) and increase ATP synthesis. Moreover, light absorption by ion channels results in release of Ca2+ and leads to activation of transcription factors and gene expression. Brain PBM therapy enhances the metabolic capacity of neurons and stimulates anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and antioxidant responses, as well as neurogenesis and synaptogenesis. Its therapeutic role in disorders such as dementia and Parkinson’s disease, as well as to treat stroke, brain trauma, and depression has gained increasing interest. In the transcranial PBM approach, delivering a sufficient dose to achieve optimal stimulation is challenging due to exponential attenuation of light penetration in tissue. Alternative approaches such as intracranial and intranasal light delivery methods have been suggested to overcome this limitation. This article reviews the state-of-the-art preclinical and clinical evidence regarding the efficacy of brain PBM therapy.
246 citations
Cites background from "Biological effects and medical appl..."
...Another proposedmechanism is that absorption of light in this spectrum activates vibrational dynamics in nanostructured water complexes, and this may affect the tertiary structure of cellular pumps and motors [39, 54]....
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TL;DR: Basic photochemistry of DNA is described and exposure to sunlight mostly induces pyrimidine dimers, which explains the mutational signature found in skin tumors, with lower amounts of 8-oxoGua and strand breaks.
Abstract: UV-induced DNA damage plays a key role in the initiation phase of skin cancer. When left unrepaired or when damaged cells are not eliminated by apoptosis, DNA lesions express their mutagneic properties, leading to the activation of proto–oncogene or the inactivation of tumor suppression genes. The chemical nature and the amount of DNA damage strongly depend on the wavelength of the incident photons. The most energetic part of the solar spectrum at the Earth's surface (UVB, 280–320 nm) leads to the formation of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs) and pyrimidine (6–4) pyrimidone photoproducts (64PPs). Less energetic but 20–times more intense UVA (320–400 nm) also induces the formation of CPDs together with a wide variety of oxidatively generated lesions such as single strand breaks and oxidized bases. Among those, 8–oxo–7,8–dihydroguanine (8–oxoGua) is the most frequent since it can be produced by several mechanisms. Data available on the respective yield of DNA photoproducts in cells and skin show that exposure to sunlight mostly induces pyrimidine dimers, which explains the mutational signature found in skin tumors, with lower amounts of 8–oxoGua and strand breaks. The present review aims at describing the basic photochemistry of DNA and discussing the quantitative formation of the different UV–induced DNA lesions reported in the literature. Additional information on mutagenesis, repair and photoprotection is briefly provided.
245 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors proposed a method to geometrically modify the parameters of the unit cell, which is also called the meta-atom that determines the property of metamaterials.
Abstract: In recent years, metamaterials with artificially engineered sub-wavelength structure have shown great advancement in numerous interesting electromagnetic (EM) properties such as artificial magnetism,[1,2] negative refractive index,[3–7] metalenses,[8–13] wavelength selective absorption,[14–21] slow light behavior,[22–28] and chirality.[29–32] To actively control the metamaterial, various efforts have been developed such as the optically pumped photoconductive materials,[33,34] electrically controlled refractive index of liquid crystals,[35,36] biasing of doped semiconductor devices[37–40] or graphene,[41–43] thermally controlled refractive index of materials,[44,45] conductivity control in phase change materials,[46,47] magnetically controlled active materials,[48,49] and so on.[50–53] However, the intrinsic frequencydependent property of these materials hinders the spectral scalability. Some exotic materials are not complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) compatible and require bulky equipment for external stimulus, which limits commercialization and miniaturization. On the other hand, the most ideal and straightforward method for the reconfiguration is to geometrically modify the parameters of the unit cell, which is also called the meta-atom that determines the property of metamaterials. Furthermore, in terms of feature size, the microelectromechanical system (MEMS) and micro/ nanofluidics enable micro/nanoscale mechanical manipulation and are suitable for meta-atom in terahertz (THz) and IR region, which brings the diversified applications in metamaterial functional device. The advancement in MEMS and micro/nanofluidics offers a wide palette of actuators and liquid channels to enable both in-plane and out-of-plane reconfigurations with varying performance characteristics that could be realized based on the application requirements, ranging from fundamental functions, such as the modulation of intensity, frequency, bandwidth, and electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) phenomenon, to more sophisticated devices, such as tunable waveplate, logic operation, and resonant cloaking. Beyond tunability, novel chemical sensing platforms in terms of gas, liquid, and thin film sensing of biomolecules can be realized through metamaterials resonators or the hybrid sensing platforms Tunable metamaterial devices have experienced explosive growth in the past decades, driving the traditional electromagnetic (EM) devices to evolve into diversified functionalities by manipulating EM properties such as amplitude, frequency, phase, polarization, and propagation direction. However, one of the bottlenecks of these rapidly developed metamaterials technologies is limited tunability caused by the intrinsic frequencydependent property of exotic tunable material. To overcome such limitation, the microelectromechanical system (MEMS) enabling micro/nanoscale manipulation is developed to actively control “meta-atom” in terahertz and infrared region, which brings frequency-scalable tunability and complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor-compatible functional metadevices. Beyond tunability, novel chemical sensing platforms of molecular identification and dynamic monitoring of the biochemical process can be achieved by integrating micro/nanofluidics channels with metamaterial resonators. Additionally, incorporating metamaterial absorbers with MEMS resonators brings another research interest in MEMS zero-power devices and radiation sensors. Furthermore, moving from 2D metasurfaces to 3D metamaterials, enhanced EM properties like novel resonance mode, giant chirality, and 3D manipulation reinforce the application in biochemical and physical sensors as well as functional meta-devices, paving the way to realize multi-functional sensing and signal processing on a hybrid smartsensor microsystem for booming healthcare, environmental monitoring, and the Internet of Things applications.
134 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors discuss the latest technological advances in thermoregulatory textiles and propose a self-adaptive textile thermygulation system that could intelligently provide personalized thermophysiological comfort in the era of Internet of Things (IoT).
Abstract: Thermoregulation has substantial implications for human health. Traditional central space heating and cooling systems are less efficient due to wasted energy spent on the entire building and ignore individual thermophysiological comfort. Emerging textiles based on innovations in materials chemistry and physics, nanoscience, and nanotechnology have now facilitated thermoregulation in a far more personalized and energy-saving manner. In this tutorial review, we discuss the latest technological advances in thermoregulatory textiles. First, we outline the basic mechanisms behind the physiological chemistry processes for both internal and external thermoregulation in the human body. Then, we systematically elaborate on typical smart passive and active thermoregulatory textiles considering current working mechanisms, materials engineering towards practical applications. In light of burgeoning commercial trends, we offer important insights into green chemistry for the sustainable development of smart thermoregulatory textiles. Prospectively, we propose an autonomous textile thermoregulation system that could intelligently provide personalized thermophysiological comfort in a self-adaptive manner in the era of Internet of Things (IoT). The discussion of interdisciplinary interactions of energy, environmental science, and nanotechnology in this review will further promote development of the thermoregulatory textile field in both academia and industry, ultimately realizing personalized thermoregulation and a sustainable energy future.
103 citations
References
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TL;DR: Extinction coefficients k(lambda) for water at 25 degrees C were determined through a broad spectral region by manually smoothing a point by point graph of k( lambda) vs wavelength lambda that was plotted for data obtained from a review of the scientific literature on the optical constants of water.
Abstract: Extinction coefficients k(lambda) for water at 25 degrees C were determined through a broad spectral region by manually smoothing a point by point graph of k(lambda) vs wavelength lambda that was plotted for data obtained from a review of the scientific literature on the optical constants of water. Absorption bands representing k(lambda) were postulated where data were not available in the vacuum uv and soft x-ray regions. A subtractive Kramers-Kronig analysis of the combined postulated and smoothed portions of the k(lambda) spectrum provided the index of refraction n(lambda) for the spectral region 200 nm
4,094 citations
"Biological effects and medical appl..." refers background in this paper
...In general, the mechanism of action of IR radiating materials is to transform heat energy from the body (convection and conduction) into radiation within the IR wavelength range between 3 and 20 μm to induce homeostasis and photobiomodulation via deeper penetration of IR radiation and water molecule absorption in the skin [25]....
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...While the 980 nm IR is not much absorbed by CCO, it is mainly absorbed by water [25]....
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TL;DR: TRP channels are the vanguard of the authors' sensory systems, responding to temperature, touch, pain, osmolarity, pheromones, taste and other stimuli, but their role is much broader than classical sensory transduction.
Abstract: TRP channels are the vanguard of our sensory systems, responding to temperature, touch, pain, osmolarity, pheromones, taste and other stimuli. But their role is much broader than classical sensory transduction. They are an ancient sensory apparatus for the cell, not just the multicellular organism, and they have been adapted to respond to all manner of stimuli, from both within and outside the cell.
2,502 citations
"Biological effects and medical appl..." refers background in this paper
...As mentioned above high skin temperatures can activate the heatsensitive ion channels of the TRPV1 family, increasing the concentration of intracellular Ca inside the cell, and subsequent activation of signaling pathways [81,82]....
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TL;DR: In this article, the optical properties of human skin, subcutaneous adipose tissue and human mucosa were measured in the wavelength range 400-2000 nm using a commercially available spectrophotometer with an integrating sphere.
Abstract: The optical properties of human skin, subcutaneous adipose tissue and human mucosa were measured in the wavelength range 400–2000 nm. The measurements were carried out using a commercially available spectrophotometer with an integrating sphere. The inverse adding–doubling method was used to determine the absorption and reduced scattering coefficients from the measurements.
1,446 citations
TL;DR: The mechanisms of action of LLLT at a cellular and at a tissular level are covered and the various light sources and principles of dosimetry that are employed in clinical practice are summarized.
Abstract: Soon after the discovery of lasers in the 1960s it was realized that laser therapy had the potential to improve wound healing and reduce pain, inflammation and swelling. In recent years the field sometimes known as photobiomodulation has broadened to include light-emitting diodes and other light sources, and the range of wavelengths used now includes many in the red and near infrared. The term “low level laser therapy” or LLLT has become widely recognized and implies the existence of the biphasic dose response or the Arndt-Schulz curve. This review will cover the mechanisms of action of LLLT at a cellular and at a tissular level and will summarize the various light sources and principles of dosimetry that are employed in clinical practice. The range of diseases, injuries, and conditions that can be benefited by LLLT will be summarized with an emphasis on those that have reported randomized controlled clinical trials. Serious life-threatening diseases such as stroke, heart attack, spinal cord injury, and traumatic brain injury may soon be amenable to LLLT therapy.
1,055 citations
"Biological effects and medical appl..." refers background in this paper
...In addition, IR laser- induced ATP generation may also enhance neuronal preservation and inhibit amyloid plaque formation....
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...Abbreviations ATP adenosine triphosphate CCO cytochrome c oxidase CDK cyclin-dependent kinase ERK extracellular signal-regulated kinase EZ exclusion zone INS infrared neural stimulation MAPKs mitogen-activated protein kinases MMP matrix metalloproteinase ROS reactive oxygen species TGF transforming growth factor TRPV transient receptor potential vanilloid TSP thrombospondin VEGF vascular endothelial growth factor...
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...810-nm laser was proposed to activate CCO leading to ATP production and a brief burst of ROS, but had no effect on intracellular calcium....
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...Since the water electromagnetic absorption spectrum is mainly in the IR region, photon absorption can result in a rapid increase in intracellular temperature [22], which may promote unwanted physiological changes in temperature, pH, osmosis, and ATP yield [23,24]....
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...Furthermore, a recent study also indicates that the proliferation and differentiation of adipose-derived stem cells are regulated by 980 nm IR radiation that is proposed to affect temperature-gated calcium ion channels, while 810 nm IR radiation stimulated ATP production via absorption of photons by CCO [108]....
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01 Jan 1989
TL;DR: Disruption of Surface Potential on Salt Concentration and Surface Charge Density, and Dependence of the Potential on Distance from the Membrane Surface.
Abstract: CONTENTS PERSPECTIVES AND OVERVlEW . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . ....... . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 113 AN ELEMENTARY DISCUSSION OF ELECTROSTATICS AND DOUBLE-LAYER THEORy 115 EXPERIMENTAL TESTS OF THE GOUY-CHAPMAN THEORy 1 19 Dependence of Surface Potential on Salt Concentration and Surface Charge Density 1 19 Dependence of the Potential on Distancefrom the Membrane Surface.... . . . . . . . . ...... . . . . 122 EXPERIMENTALLY OBSERVED LIMITATIONS OF THE THEORy 123 Discreteness-aI-Charge Eff ects ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... ......... . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... . . . . . . . . . . ........ . . . . . '123 Finite Size of Ions. . . . .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........ . . . 125 Fixed Charges Displacedfrom the Surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........ 126 Forces Between Char.qed Bilayer Membranes . . . . . . . . ...... . . . . . . . . . . ........ . . . . . 126 ALTERNATIVE THEORIES .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... . . . . . . . . .... . . ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . ...... . . . . . . . .. . . . . ... .. . . 127 Donnan Theory.. . . ....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........ . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . ..... . . . . 127 Manning Condensation Theory and Geometrical Considerations . . . 127 Modern Statistical Mechanical Theories..... .. . . . . . . . . . . . ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....... . . . . . . . . . . 128 BIOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS 129 Previous Work.. . . ... . . . . . . . . . ....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....... . . . . . . . . . . . .... . . . . . . . . . . . . ....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... . . . . . . . . . 129 Future Directions: Surface Potentials and Second Messengers.. .. . .. . . ...... . . . . . . . . . .... . . . . . . 129
977 citations
"Biological effects and medical appl..." refers background in this paper
...Since the water electromagnetic absorption spectrum is mainly in the IR region, photon absorption can result in a rapid increase in intracellular temperature [22], which may promote unwanted physiological changes in temperature, pH, osmosis, and ATP yield [23,24]....
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