Biological sensitivity to context: I. An evolutionary–developmental theory of the origins and functions of stress reactivity
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3,248 citations
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...Because the hippocampus and PFC both play a significant role in modulating the amygdala’s initiation of the stress response, toxic stress– induced changes in architecture and connectivity within and between these important areas might account for the variability seen in stressresponsiveness.(50) This can then result in some children appearing to be both more reactive to even mildly adverse experiences and less capable of effectively coping with future stress....
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2,860 citations
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...…to social stress (Boissy & Bouissou, 1995; Le Neindre, Boivin & Boissy, 1996; Caspi et al., 1997; Grandin, 1998; Martin, 1998; Carlstead, Mellen & Kleiman, 1999; Trut, 1999; Malmkvist & Hansen, 2001; Boissy et al., 2005; Boyce & Ellis, 2005; Ellis, Jackson & Boyce, 2006; McDougall et al., 2006)....
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...Psychologists have long been interested in the study of human and animal temperament, which has led to significant theoretical and empirical developments (Wilson, 1994; Gosling, 2001; Boyce & Ellis, 2005)....
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2,422 citations
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...Whereas one stipulated that there should be individual differences in developmental plasticity, not just vulnerability, and advanced no hypotheses concerning process (Belsky, 1997a, 1997b, 2005), the other highlighted physiological reactivity as a plasticity mechanism (Boyce & Ellis, 2005)....
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...Boyce and Ellis (2005) argued that for adaptive reasons, children in both especially supportive and especially unsupportive developmental contexts should develop or maintain high levels of physiological stress reactivity, which they regard as a susceptibility factor and thus plasticity mechanism…...
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...…itself forecasts elevated cortisol stress reactivity at age 3 months, illuminates at least one biological mechanism that may be central to such fetal programming of postnatal plasticity, in fact, the very one that Boyce and Ellis (2005) heralded in their biological-sensitivity-tocontext thesis....
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...For children fortunate enough to grow up in particularly supportive contexts, Boyce and Ellis (2005) contended, it would be adaptive to be maximally influenced by the developmental environment....
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2,065 citations
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...Evidence for such effect modification has been derived from studies of gene-environment interaction in which allelic variations in neuroregulatory and transcription factor−encoding genes are associated with greater risks related to early stressors(71-74) as well as from studies showing that individual differences in neurobiological sensitivity to social environments can bias outcomes both positively and negatively, depending on the protective vs injurious nature of early exposures.(37,72,75-77) Biological Embedding....
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...These neurobiological responses are essential and generally protective, but when activated persistently under circumstances of chronic or overwhelming adversity, they can become pathogenic.(37,38) Within this context, extensive documentation of the disproportionate exposure of lowincomechildrentoenvironmental stressors, traumatic experiences, and family chaos(39-41) takes on a greater sense of urgency....
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1,513 citations
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...Because of the unpredictable and threatening context, the allostatic changes described in maltreated children could promote adaptation to the environment and, thus, be beneficial in the short-term [105]....
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References
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