Biomass gasification cogeneration – A review of state of the art technology and near future perspectives
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors compared the flexibility and efficiency of different types of thermal gasification of biomass and showed that they can be both highly flexible and efficient if used optimally.
About: This article is published in Applied Thermal Engineering.The article was published on 2013-02-01 and is currently open access. It has received 295 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Cogeneration & Gas engine.
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TL;DR: The goal of this study is to review the fundamental structures and chemistries of wood and wood-derived materials, which are essential for a wide range of existing and new enabling technologies.
Abstract: With the arising of global climate change and resource shortage, in recent years, increased attention has been paid to environmentally friendly materials. Trees are sustainable and renewable materials, which give us shelter and oxygen and remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Trees are a primary resource that human society depends upon every day, for example, homes, heating, furniture, and aircraft. Wood from trees gives us paper, cardboard, and medical supplies, thus impacting our homes, school, work, and play. All of the above-mentioned applications have been well developed over the past thousands of years. However, trees and wood have much more to offer us as advanced materials, impacting emerging high-tech fields, such as bioengineering, flexible electronics, and clean energy. Wood naturally has a hierarchical structure, composed of well-oriented microfibers and tracheids for water, ion, and oxygen transportation during metabolism. At higher magnification, the walls of fiber cells have an interes...
1,031 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, an assessment on the fundamentals such as feedstock types, the impact of different operating parameters, tar formation and cracking, and modelling approaches for biomass gasification is presented.
Abstract: Biomass gasification is a widely used thermochemical process for obtaining products with more value and potential applications than the raw material itself. Cutting-edge, innovative and economical gasification techniques with high efficiencies are a prerequisite for the development of this technology. This paper delivers an assessment on the fundamentals such as feedstock types, the impact of different operating parameters, tar formation and cracking, and modelling approaches for biomass gasification. Furthermore, the authors comparatively discuss various conventional mechanisms for gasification as well as recent advances in biomass gasification. Unique gasifiers along with multi-generation strategies are discussed as a means to promote this technology into alternative applications, which require higher flexibility and greater efficiency. A strategy to improve the feasibility and sustainability of biomass gasification is via technological advancement and the minimization of socio-environmental effects. This paper sheds light on diverse areas of biomass gasification as a potentially sustainable and environmentally friendly technology.
779 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a detailed review on new concepts in biomass gasification is provided, which aim to enable higher process efficiencies, better gas quality and purity, and lower investment costs.
517 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors take stock of the latest technologies for gasification of biomass and compare them with other thermochemical processes, and show that gasification is more advantageous because of the conversion of biomass into a combustible gas, making it a more efficient process.
Abstract: Biomass has been widely recognized as a clean and renewable energy source, with increasing potential to replace conventional fossil fuels in the energy market. The abundance of biomass ranks it as the third energy resource after oil and coal. The reduction of imported forms of energy, and the conservation of the limited supply of fossil fuels, depends upon the utilization of all other available fuel energy sources. Energy conversion systems based on the use of biomass are of particular interest to scientists because of their potential to reduce global CO2 emissions. With these considerations, gasification methods come to the forefront of biomass-to-energy conversions for a number of reasons. Primarily, gasification is more advantageous because of the conversion of biomass into a combustible gas, making it a more efficient process than other thermochemical processes. Biomass gasification has been studied widely as an efficient and sustainable technology for the generation of heat, production of hydrogen and ethanol, and power generation. Renewable energy can have a significant positive impact for developing countries. In rural areas, particularly in remote locations, transmission and distribution of energy generated from fossil fuels can be difficult and expensive, a challenge that renewable energy can attempt to correct by facilitating economic and social development in communities. This paper aims to take stock of the latest technologies for gasification.
281 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a review of the technologies and procedures for modeling and optimizing the second phase of methanol production, namely the synthesis reactor, and compare both steady-state and dynamic reactor models.
260 citations
References
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Book•
01 Jan 2000
TL;DR: In this paper, the first edition of this paper, the authors presented an analysis of fuel cell systems and their performance in terms of Molar Gibbs Free Energy Calculations (GFE) and Open Circuit Voltage.
Abstract: Preface. Foreword to the first edition. Acknowledgements. Abbreviations. Symbols. Introduction. Efficiency and Open Circuit Voltage. Operational Fuel Cell Voltages. Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells. Alkaline Electrolyte Fuel Cells. Direct Methanol Fuel Cells. Medium and High Temperature Fuel Cells. Fuelling Fuel Cells. Compressors, Turbines, Ejectors, Fans, Blowers, and Pumps. Delivering Fuel Cell Power. Fuel Cell Systems Analysed. Appendix 1: Change in Molar Gibbs Free Energy Calculations. Appendix 2: Useful Fuel Cell Equations. Index.
4,202 citations
01 Jan 2009
TL;DR: In this article, Flannery presented a Biochar Classification and Test Methods for determining the quantity of Biochar within Soils and its effect on Nutrient Transformations and Nutrient Leaching.
Abstract: Preface Foreword by Tim Flannery 1. Biochar for Environmental Management: An Introduction 2. Physical Properties of Biochar 3. Characteristics of Biochar: Microchemical Properties 4. Characteristics of Biochar: Organo-chemical Properties 5. Biochar: Nutrient Properties and Their Enhancement 6. Characteristics of Biochar: Biological Properties 7. Developing a Biochar Classification and Test Methods 8. Biochar Production Technology 9. Biochar Systems 10. Changes of Biochar in Soil 11. Stability of Biochar in Soil 12. Biochar Application to Soil 13. Biochar and Emissions of Non-CO2 Greenhouse Gases from Soil 14. Biochar Effects on Soil Nutrient Transformations 15. Biochar Effects on Nutrient Leaching 16. Biochar and Sorption of Organic Compounds 17. Test Procedures for Determining the Quantity of Biochar within Soils 18. Biochar, Greenhouse Gas Accounting and Emissions Trading 19. Economics of Biochar Production, Utilization and Greenhouse Gas Offsets 20. Socio-economic Assessment and Implementation of Small-scale Biochar Projects 21. Taking Biochar to Market: Some Essential Concepts for Commercial Success 22. Policy to Address the Threat of Dangerous Climate Change: A Leading Role for Biochar Index
1,967 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the impact of biochar amendments (0, 5, 10, and 20 g-biochar kg−1 soil) on the quality of a Clarion soil (Mesic Typic Hapludolls), collected (0-15 cm) in Boone County, Iowa.
1,143 citations
"Biomass gasification cogeneration –..." refers background in this paper
...Furthermore, biochar in sandy soils is known to positively influence water holding capacity and soil structure and architecture [33, 34, 35]....
[...]
20 Feb 2015
TL;DR: Biochar is the product of heating biomass in the absence of or with limited air to above 250oC, a process called charring or pyrolysis also used for making charcoal as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Biochar is the product of heating biomass in
the absence of or with limited air to above
250oC, a process called charring or pyrolysis
also used for making charcoal (Chapter 3).
The material distinguishes itself from charcoal or other carbon (C) products in that it is
intended for use as a soil application or
broader for environmental management. In
some instances, the material properties of
biochar may overlap with those of charcoal as
an energy carrier, but many types of biochar
do not easily burn and charcoals are typically
not made to address soil issues (Nomenclature
in Box 1.1). An important defi ning feature of
biochars, similar to charcoal, is a certain level
of organic C forms, called fused aromatic
ring structures (Chapter 6). These structures
are formed during pyrolysis and are key to
biochar properties with respect to mineralization (Chapter 10) or adsorption (Chapter 9).
Therefore, biochar is typically enriched in C
(Figure 1.1), and even more in phosphorus
(P) or other metals such as calcium (Ca) or
magnesium (Mg) and sometimes even nitro-gen (N). The chemical properties of the
organic C structure of biochars are fundamentally different from those of the material
that the biochar was produced from and
depleted in oxygen (O) and hydrogen (H). In
contrast, the macro-morphological characteristics of biochars typically resemble those of
the starting material, which means that it typically looks the same, apart from its black
color. The intended use as a soil amendment
also requires that biochars do not contain
harmful levels of heavy metals or organicFigure 1.1 Conversion effi ciency of biomass,
C, N and P during pyrolysis (data from
Enders et al (2012); typical losses followed by
range in brackets)2 BIOCHAR FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENTcontaminants (IBI, 2013), in keeping with
related efforts to make composts and other
soil amendments safe for soil. Despite these
common criteria, it would be wrong to con-clude that biochar is a narrowly defi ned material. In fact, biochars can have very different
properties, which have to be recognized, as
discussed throughout this book.
1,115 citations