Biomedical Catheters With Integrated Miniature Piezoresistive Pressure Sensors: A Review
TL;DR: In this paper, the progress of piezoresistive pressure sensors developed for integration with catheters is described under three broad categories by considering various aspects such as diaphragm shape, material & size, piezoreistor type & material, readout type, fabrication processes, salient features of the device, and packaging techniques.
Abstract: Biomedical catheters are thin hollow tubes inserted into the human body to accurately measure various physiological parameters during invasive surgical procedures and diagnostic methods. Sensors realized using micro-/nano-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS/NEMS) technology are integrated with catheters to measure blood pressures, flows, pH- and glucose levels, and temperature. Of these physiological parameters, pressure sensing is of significant importance in identifying and treating various biomedical conditions. Piezoresistive technique is a widely investigated and preferred sensing mechanism to realize miniature sensors for its numerous advantages. In this paper, we critically review biomedical catheters as well as miniature piezoresistive pressure sensors developed for catheters. First, the evolution of catheters and their applications in measuring physiological parameters are discussed in detail. Next, the progress of piezoresistive pressure sensors developed for integration with catheters are described under three broad categories by considering various aspects such as diaphragm shape, material & size, piezoresistor type & material, readout type, fabrication processes, salient features of the device, and packaging techniques. A detailed section is devoted to alternative recent piezoresistive materials, including silicon nanowire (SNW), carbon nanotube (CNT), and Graphene. Finally, the process of catheterization and testing of biomedical catheters with integrated pressure sensors in the clinical environment are elaborated.
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TL;DR: In this article, a stretchable capacitive pressure sensor with controlled microstructures embedded into a cylindrical elastomeric mold, fabricated as a pressure sensing sleeve, is presented.
16 citations
04 Apr 2022
TL;DR: In this paper , the current status of developments in recycling methods and bioplastics to identify long-term sustainable alternatives is evaluated, and the potential of these materials to realize their circular potential is evaluated.
Abstract: : In light of the global climate crisis and commit-ments toward net-zero carbon emissions, this Perspective evaluates the current status of developments in recycling methods and bioplastics to identify long-term sustainable alternatives. The recycling and product application of major medical plastics, including poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC), polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), and polystyrene (PS), are discussed, and their circular potential is evaluated. Researchers are actively investigating bioplastics to solve present concerns and curb the global increase in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from petroleum-based plastics. Current recycling methods for PE and PP can be scaled up, and bioversions of plastics, such as bio-PE and bio-PP, can be used as a long-term sustainable solutions to realize their circular potential. As an alternative to PVC and PS, materials with ine ffi cient recycling methods, recent promising bioplastics such as polyurethane (PU) and poly(lactic acid) (PLA) have a competitive performance. Our Perspective recognizes the need for further research on issues such as integrated recycling processes and the possibility of commercializing bioplastics.
11 citations
TL;DR: In this paper , an eXtended Finite Element Method (XFEM)-based numerical scheme is presented to compute electrical resistivity changes caused by the presence of cracks and the crack growth.
7 citations
TL;DR: Paper-based sensors have become powerful analysis tools in trace detection with ultra-low detection limits and extremely high accuracy, resulting in their great popularity in medical detection, environmental inspection, and other applications as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: With characters of low cost, portability, easy disposal, and high accuracy, as well as bulky reduced laboratory equipment, paper-based sensors are getting increasing attention for reliable indoor/outdoor onsite detection with nonexpert operation. They have become powerful analysis tools in trace detection with ultra-low detection limits and extremely high accuracy, resulting in their great popularity in medical detection, environmental inspection, and other applications. Herein, we summarize and generalize the recently reported paper-based sensors based on their application for mechanics, biomolecules, food safety, and environmental inspection. Based on the biological, physical, and chemical analytes-sensitive electrical or optical signals, extensive detections of a large number of factors such as humidity, pressure, nucleic acid, protein, sugar, biomarkers, metal ions, and organic/inorganic chemical substances have been reported via paper-based sensors. Challenges faced by the current paper-based sensors from the fundamental problems and practical applications are subsequently analyzed; thus, the future directions of paper-based sensors are specified for their rapid handheld testing.
7 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a piezoresistive micro-electro-Mechanical system (MEMS)-based force sensor for measuring catheter tip contact force in real-time is presented.
Abstract: Catheter ablation, a minimally invasive surgical procedure that uses radiofrequency (RF), has simplified the treatment process of cardiac arrhythmias. The success of cardiac ablation procedures greatly depends on the effective lesion formation, which relies on the contact force between tissue and the tip. Thus, a real-time estimate of catheter tip contact force is essential during cardiac ablation procedures. We present the design, fabrication, and characterization of a piezoresistive Micro-Electro-Mechanical System (MEMS)-based force sensor for measuring catheter tip contact force in real-time. The sensor has four bridges with boron-doped piezoresistive elements for detecting the contact force. The sensor dimensions and the piezoresistors doping concentrations were optimized using finite element analysis. The sensor is designed to measure a catheter tip contact force between 0 – 0.8 N. An in-house indentation setup is developed and integrated with a commercial load cell to characterize the fabricated sensor. The sensor results showed a linearity of 99.5 %, maximum hysteresis of 5 %, and sensitivity of 108 ± $11 \Omega $ /N. A customized catheter tip integrated with the fabricated force sensor was tested on excised porcine heart tissues to measure the catheter tip contact force.
6 citations
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TL;DR: This review describes the advantages of employing silicon as a mechanical material, the relevant mechanical characteristics of silicon, and the processing techniques which are specific to micromechanical structures.
Abstract: Single-crystal silicon is being increasingly employed in a variety of new commercial products not because of its well-established electronic properties, but rather because of its excellent mechanical properties. In addition, recent trends in the engineering literature indicate a growing interest in the use of silicon as a mechanical material with the ultimate goal of developing a broad range of inexpensive, batch-fabricated, high-performance sensors and transducers which are easily interfaced with the rapidly proliferating microprocessor. This review describes the advantages of employing silicon as a mechanical material, the relevant mechanical characteristics of silicon, and the processing techniques which are specific to micromechanical structures. Finally, the potentials of this new technology are illustrated by numerous detailed examples from the literature. It is clear that silicon will continue to be aggressively exploited in a wide variety of mechanical applications complementary to its traditional role as an electronic material. Furthermore, these multidisciplinary uses of silicon will significantly alter the way we think about all types of miniature mechanical devices and components.
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors present recent advancements in the development of flexible and stretchable strain sensors, including skin-mountable and wearable strain sensors for personalized health-monitoring, human motion detection, human-machine interfaces, soft robotics, and so forth.
Abstract: There is a growing demand for flexible and soft electronic devices. In particular, stretchable, skin-mountable, and wearable strain sensors are needed for several potential applications including personalized health-monitoring, human motion detection, human-machine interfaces, soft robotics, and so forth. This Feature Article presents recent advancements in the development of flexible and stretchable strain sensors. The article shows that highly stretchable strain sensors are successfully being developed by new mechanisms such as disconnection between overlapped nanomaterials, crack propagation in thin films, and tunneling effect, different from traditional strain sensing mechanisms. Strain sensing performances of recently reported strain sensors are comprehensively studied and discussed, showing that appropriate choice of composite structures as well as suitable interaction between functional nanomaterials and polymers are essential for the high performance strain sensing. Next, simulation results of piezoresistivity of stretchable strain sensors by computational models are reported. Finally, potential applications of flexible strain sensors are described. This survey reveals that flexible, skin-mountable, and wearable strain sensors have potential in diverse applications while several grand challenges have to be still overcome.
2,154 citations
TL;DR: Pressures in the right side of the heart and pulmonary capillary wedge can be obtained by cardiac catheterization without the aid of fluoroscopy.
Abstract: Pressures in the right side of the heart and pulmonary capillary wedge can be obtained by cardiac catheterization without the aid of fluoroscopy. A No. 5 Fr double-lumen catheter with a balloon just proximal to the tip is inserted into the right atrium under pressure monitoring. The balloon is then inflated with 0.8 ml of air. The balloon is carried by blood flow through the right side of the heart into the smaller radicles of the pulmonary artery. In this position when the balloon is inflated wedge pressure is obtained. The average time for passage of the catheter from the right atrium to the pulmonary artery was 35 seconds in the first 100 passages. The frequency of premature beats was minimal, and no other arrhythmias occurred.
1,927 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the complete tensor piezoresistance has been determined experimentally for these materials and expressed in terms of the pressure coefficient of resistivity and two simple shear coefficients.
Abstract: Uniaxial tension causes a change of resistivity in silicon and germanium of both $n$ and $p$ types. The complete tensor piezoresistance has been determined experimentally for these materials and expressed in terms of the pressure coefficient of resistivity and two simple shear coefficients. One of the shear coefficients for each of the materials is exceptionally large and cannot be explained in terms of previously known mechanisms. A possible microscopic mechanism proposed by C. Herring which could account for one large shear constant is discussed. This so called electron transfer effect arises in the structure of the energy bands of these semiconductors, and piezoresistance may therefore give important direct experimental information about this structure.
1,779 citations
TL;DR: The latest successful examples of flexible and stretchable physical sensors for the detection of temperature, pressure, and strain, as well as their novel structures, technological innovations, and challenges, are reviewed.
Abstract: Flexible and stretchable physical sensors that can measure and quantify electrical signals generated by human activities are attracting a great deal of attention as they have unique characteristics, such as ultrathinness, low modulus, light weight, high flexibility, and stretchability. These flexible and stretchable physical sensors conformally attached on the surface of organs or skin can provide a new opportunity for human-activity monitoring and personal healthcare. Consequently, in recent years there has been considerable research effort devoted to the development of flexible and stretchable physical sensors to fulfill the requirements of future technology, and much progress has been achieved. Here, the most recent developments of flexible and stretchable physical sensors are described, including temperature, pressure, and strain sensors, and flexible and stretchable sensor-integrated platforms. The latest successful examples of flexible and stretchable physical sensors for the detection of temperature, pressure, and strain, as well as their novel structures, technological innovations, and challenges, are reviewed first. In the next section, recent progress regarding sensor-integrated wearable platforms is overviewed in detail. Some of the latest achievements regarding self-powered sensor-integrated wearable platform technologies are also reviewed. Further research direction and challenges are also proposed to develop a fully sensor-integrated wearable platform for monitoring human activity and personal healthcare in the near future.
1,469 citations