Biotechnological approaches for production of bioactive secondary metabolites in Nigella sativa: an up-to-date review
15 Jul 2019-International Journal of Secondary Metabolite (International Journal of Secondary Metabolite)-Vol. 6, Iss: 2, pp 172-195
TL;DR: A detailed literature survey regarding chemical composition, phytochemistry, therapeutic potential and biotechnological approaches to enhance the medicinal potential of Nigella sativa is presented.
Abstract: M edicinal and aromatic plants and their refined natural products have gained global attraction for their therapeutic potential against many human diseases . Nigella sativa is a medicinally important plant, commonly known as Black cumin or Black seed is a dicotyledon plant of the Ranunculaceae family . It is in common use for a long er time in history as preservative and spice and has also been extensively utilized by different communities around the globe. Black cumin has been an eminent component of traditional medicine systems like Unani and Tibb, Ayurveda and Siddha. Its biological activities include antidiarrheal, analgesic, antibacterial, liver tonic, diurectic , digestive agent and to treat several skin disorders. Furthermore, the therapeutic properties also include antidiabetic, anticancer, antihypertensive, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, spasmolytic and bronchodialator. This is all because of its miraculous healing power that it has been ranked as top ranked, among evidence based herbal medicines. The literature supports that the pharmacological activities of Nigella sativa are mainly because of the essential oil and its constituents particularly thymoquinone. The current review is an attempt to present a detailed literature survey regarding chemical composition, phytochemistry, therapeutic potential and biotechnological approaches to enhance the medicinal potential of this valuable plant.
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TL;DR: The main aim is to review the mechanistic aspects of most important phytochemical compounds that have showed potential against coronaviruses and highlight the importance of phytomedicine against COVID-19.
Abstract: There are numerous trials underway to find treatment for the COVID-19 through testing vaccines as well as existing drugs. Apart from the many synthetic chemical compounds, plant-based compounds could provide an array of \suitable candidates for testing against the virus. Studies have confirmed the role of many plants against respiratory viruses when employed either as crude extracts or their active ingredients in pure form. The purpose of this review article is to highlight the importance of phytomedicine against COVID-19. The main aim is to review the mechanistic aspects of most important phytochemical compounds that have showed potential against coronaviruses. Glycyrrhizin from the roots of Glycyrrhiza glabra has shown promising potential against the previously epidemic coronavirus, SARS-CoV. Other important plants such as Artemisia annua, Isatis indigotica, Lindera aggregate, Pelargonium sidoides, and Glychirrhiza spp. have been employed against SARS-CoV. Active ingredients (e.g. emodin, reserpine, aescin, myricetin, scutellarin, apigenin, luteolin, and betulonic acid) have shown promising results against the coronaviruses. Phytochemicals have demonstrated activity against the coronaviruses through mechanisms such as viral entry inhibition, inhibition of replication enzymes and virus release blockage. However, compared to synthetic drugs, phytomedicine are mechanistically less understood and should be properly evaluated before application. Nonetheless, phytochemicals reduce the tedious job of drug discovery and provide a less time-consuming alternative for drug testing. Therefore, along with other drugs currently tested against COVID-19, plant-based drugs should be included for speedy development of COVID-19 treatment.
61 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors introduced a rapid approach for the in vitro formation of adventitious roots (AR) and production of SGs and other antioxidant compounds in S. rebaudiana.
Abstract: Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni is an industrially important plant, commonly used as a natural sweetener plant. The sweetening potential is due to the presence of calorie free steviol glycosides (SGs), which are many folds sweeter than the normal sugar. The present study introduced a rapid approach for the in vitro formation of adventitious roots (AR) and production of SGs and other antioxidant compounds in S. rebaudiana. The results showed that pre-treatment of leaf explants with notable elicitors like methyl jasmonate (Me-J; 0.5 mg/L) for 45 min, phenyl acetic acid (PAA; 1 mg/L) for 15 min and melatonine (Mel; 2 mg/L) for 15 min resulted in the highest AR induction frequencies of 88.1%, 87.6% and 86.6%, respectively in the culture media maintained in the presence of 6-benzyladenine (BA; 2 mg/L). However, when the explants were exposed to higher doses of elicitors for longer duration, a significant decline in the AR induction and growth were observed. Further, Me-J induced AR cultures showed higher accumulation of the total phenolic content (TPC = 3.9 ± 0.38 mg), total flavonoid content (TFC = 2.3 ± 0.32 mg) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity (84 ± 4.1%). Nonetheless, elevated levels of antioxidant enzymes were observed in the AR cultures induced by all the elicitors. Compared with other cell cultures, production of higher levels of sweet glycosides (stevioside: 4.2 ± 0.18 mg/g dry weight (DW) and rebaudioside A: 6.5 ± 0.34 mg/g DW) were recorded in the AR cultures established in response to Me-J. The present study has enough potential for the commercial production of sweet glycosides in Stevia rebaudiana.
28 citations
TL;DR: Red light and Violet light enhanced the total phenolic and flavonoid content in callus culture of W. somnifera with lower antioxidant enzymes activities and combination of thidiazuron and naphthalene acetic acid induced callus growth in Withania somNifera.
Abstract: Withania somnifera L. is an endangered medicinal plant of higher market value. The in vitro callus cultures were established on Murashige and Skoog (MS) media augmented with different plant growth regulators. The MS medium containing 0.5 mg∙L−1 of each TDZ and NAA was found to be optimal for callus formation and growth. Further, callus cultures were raised in different light wavelengths to find the right wavelength carrying the photons for the ideal cell growth of W. somnifera. Among the different wavelengths, red light was best for maximum biomass accumulation in callus culture. However, violet light condition was proven to be favouring the phenols and flavonoids synthesis in the callus cultures. Compared to other wavelengths, red light grown callus extract showed significantly higher content of chlorogenic acid, and withaferin A. This study concludes that red light treatment was optimum for maximum biomass accumulation and anti-oxidant activity in calli of W. somnifera.
21 citations
Cites background from "Biotechnological approaches for pro..."
...In comparison to conventional cultivation procedures, plant callus cultures have emerged as a promising platform for the biosynthesis of valuable metabolites in limited time and space [5,6]....
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TL;DR: This review aims to describe the emerging biotechnological strategies and approaches to understand, stimulate and enhance biosynthesis of secondary metabolites in stevia as a natural sweetener and a commercially important plant worldwide.
Abstract: Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni is commonly called stevia and mostly found in the north east regions of South America. It is an herbaceous and shrubby plant belonging to the Asteraceae family. Stevia is considered as a natural sweetener and a commercially important plant worldwide. The leaves of S. rebaudiana contain steviol glycosides (SGs) which are highly potent and non-caloric sweeteners. The sweetening property of S. rebaudiana is contributed to the presence of these high potency, calorie free steviol glycosides. SGs are considerably suitable for replacing sucrose and other artificial sweetening agents which are used in different industries and pharmaceuticals. SGs amount in the plant mostly varies from 8% to 10%, and the enhancement of SGs is always in demand. These glycosides have the potential to become healthier alternatives to other table sugars for having desirable taste and zero calories. SGs are almost 300 times sweeter than sucrose. Being used as alternative sugar intensifier the commercial value of this plant in biopharmaceutical, food and beverages industries and in international market is increasing day by day. SGs have made stevia an important part of the medicinal world as well as the food and beverage industry, but the limited production of plant material is not fulfilling the higher global market demand. Therefore, researchers are working worldwide to increase the production of important SGs through the intercession of different biotechnological approaches in S. rebaudiana. This review aims to describe the emerging biotechnological strategies and approaches to understand, stimulate and enhance biosynthesis of secondary metabolites in stevia. Conventional and biotechnological methods for the production of steviol glycosides have been briefly reviewed and discussed.
16 citations
TL;DR: The main objective of this study was to develop in vitro systems utilizing N. damascena seedlings, as an easily accessible explant source, for efficient callus induction and proliferation, and plant regeneration via somatic embryogenesis, and to validate the usefulness of the obtained callus as a source of protoplasts and their capability to develop into plants.
Abstract: In this study we report the development of effective in vitro systems for a medicinal plant Nigella damascena L. comprising: (1) callus induction, (2) somatic embryogenesis in callus cultures with subsequent plant regeneration, and (3) isolation and regeneration of callus-derived protoplasts. Callus development was achieved on 83–100% of hypocotyl and cotyledon explants, whereby Murashige and Skoog medium (MS) supplemented with 3 mg L−1 6-benzylaminopurine and 0.5 mg L−1 α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA; BN medium) was more advantageous than MS with kinetin and NAA (KN medium). Histological observations of calli revealed the presence of embryogenic zones from which somatic embryos developed on the hormone-free medium. Plant regeneration was observed on 76–95% of calli. A high capacity to form somatic embryos and regeneration was maintained in long-lasting cultures, i.e. even in 2 year old callus. The obtained callus was also a good source tissue for protoplast isolation. By applying a mixture of cellulase and pectolyase, the acceptable yield of viable protoplasts was achieved, especially from hypocotyl-derived callus maintained on BN medium. Protoplasts embedded in an alginate matrix and cultured in modified Kao and Michayluk media re-constructed their cell wall and re-entered mitotic divisions. About 30% of small cell aggregates formed microcalli, which, after the release from alginate, proliferated continuously on KN and BN media, irrespective of the tissue variant used as the protoplast source. Somatic embryo formation and plant regeneration were successful on hormone-free media. An effective plant regeneration system of N. damascena protoplast cultures has been developed and is being reported for the first time. The main objective of this study was to develop in vitro systems utilizing N. damascena seedlings, as
an easily accessible explant source, for efficient callus induction and proliferation, and plant
regeneration via somatic embryogenesis. Moreover, we attempted to validate the usefulness of the
obtained callus as a source of protoplasts and their capability to develop into plants.
15 citations
References
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TL;DR: In vivo redox biosensing resolves the spatiotemporal dynamics of compartmental responses to local ROS generation and provide a basis for understanding how compartment-specific redox dynamics may operate in retrograde signaling and stress 67 acclimation in plants.
Abstract: In experiments with tobacco tissue cultured on White's modified medium (basal meditmi hi Tnhles 1 and 2) supplemenk'd with kiticthi and hidoleacctic acid, a slrikin^' fourlo (ive-told intTease iu yield was ohtaitu-d within a three to Tour week j^rowth period on addition of an aqtteotis exlrarl of tobacco leaves (Fi^'ures 1 and 2). Subse(iueutly it was found Ihiit this jnoniotiou oi' f^rowih was due mainly though nol entirely to inorj^auic rather than organic con.stitttenls in the extract. In the isolation of Rrowth factors from plant tissues and other sources inorj '̂anic salts are fre(|uently carried along with fhe organic fraclioits. When tissue cultures are used for bioassays, therefore, il is necessary lo lake into account increases in growth which may result from nutrient elements or other known constituents of the medium which may he present in the te.st materials. To minimize interference trom rontaminaitis of this type, an altempt has heen made to de\\eh)p a nieditmi with such adequate supplies of all re(iuired tnineral nutrients and cotntnott orgattic cottslitueitls that no apprecial»le change in growth rate or yield will result from the inlroduclion of additional amounts in the range ordinarily expected to be present in tnaterials to be assayed. As a point of referetice for this work some of the culture media in mc)st common current use will he cotisidered briefly. For ease of comparis4)n Iheir mineral compositions are listed in Tables 1 and 2. White's nutrient .solution, designed originally for excised root cultures, was based on Uspeuski and Uspetiskaia's medium for algae and Trelease and Trelease's micronutrieni solution. This medium also was employed successfully in the original cttltivation of callus from the tobacco Iiybrid Nicotiana gtauca x A', tanijadorffii, atitl as further modified by White in 194̂ ^ and by others it has been used for the
63,098 citations
"Biotechnological approaches for pro..." refers background in this paper
...[65] Murashige, T., Skoog, F. (1962)....
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...In most experiments in this field, culture has been conducted in base medium of Morashige and Skoog [65] at different ratios of plant hormones....
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TL;DR: Progress made on several aspects of elicitor signal transduction leading to production of plant secondary metabolites are summarized, including the integration of multiple signaling pathways into or by transcription factors, as well as the linkage of the above signal components in eliciting network through protein phosphorylation and dephosphorylation.
Abstract: Plant secondary metabolites are unique sources for pharmaceuticals, food additives, flavors, and other industrial materials. Accumulation of such metabolites often occurs in plants subjected to stresses including various elicitors or signal molecules. Understanding signal transduction paths underlying elicitor-induced production of secondary metabolites is important for optimizing their commercial production. This paper summarizes progress made on several aspects of elicitor signal transduction leading to production of plant secondary metabolites, including: elicitor signal perception by various receptors of plants; avirulence determinants and corresponding plant R proteins; heterotrimeric and small GTP binding proteins; ion fluxes, especially Ca2+ influx, and Ca2+ signaling; medium alkalinization and cytoplasmic acidification; oxidative burst and reactive oxygen species; inositol trisphosphates and cyclic nucleotides (cAMP and cGMP); salicylic acid and nitric oxide; jasmonate, ethylene, and abscisic acid signaling; oxylipin signals such as allene oxide synthase-dependent jasmonate and hydroperoxide lyase-dependent C12 and C6 volatiles; as well as other lipid messengers such as lysophosphatidylcholine, phosphatidic acid, and diacylglycerol. All these signal components are employed directly or indirectly by elicitors for induction of plant secondary metabolite accumulation. Cross-talk between different signaling pathways is very common in plant defense response, thus the cross-talk amongst these signaling pathways, such as elicitor and jasmonate, jasmonate and ethylene, and each of these with reactive oxygen species, is discussed separately. This review also highlights the integration of multiple signaling pathways into or by transcription factors, as well as the linkage of the above signal components in elicitor signaling network through protein phosphorylation and dephosphorylation. Some perspectives on elicitor signal transduction and plant secondary metabolism at the transcriptome and metabolome levels are also presented.
1,649 citations
"Biotechnological approaches for pro..." refers background in this paper
...These compounds stimulate plant defense by promoting secondary metabolism for the protection of plant cell, to cope with the stress created by the them, as a result plant through a series of reactions such as activation of NADPH oxidase, production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, expression of defensive genes and secondary metabolites production [136-139]....
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TL;DR: It is shown that endogenous jasmonic acid and its methyl ester accumulate rapidly and transiently after treatment of plant cell suspension cultures of Rauvolfia canescens and Eschscholtzia californica with a yeast elicitor.
Abstract: To deter pathogenic microorganisms and herbivores, plants have developed an inducible chemical defense system It is known that the induced synthesis of low molecular weight compounds can be provoked by exposing cultured cells to fungal cell wall fragments In this study we show that endogenous jasmonic acid and its methyl ester accumulate rapidly and transiently after treatment of plant cell suspension cultures of Rauvolfia canescens and Eschscholtzia californica with a yeast elicitor Thirty-six plant species tested in cell suspension culture could be elicited with respect to the accumulation of secondary metabolites by exogenously supplied methyl jasmonate Addition of methyl jasmonate initiates de novo transcription of genes, such as phenylalanine ammonia lyase, that are known to be involved in the chemical defense mechanisms of plants These data demonstrate the integral role of jasmonic acid and its derivatives in the intracellular signal cascade that begins with interaction of an elicitor molecule with the plant cell surface and results, ultimately, in the accumulation of secondary compounds
1,093 citations
"Biotechnological approaches for pro..." refers background in this paper
...Jasmonic acid (JA) is naturally synthesized inside plant and is responsible for different functions along with activation of production of secondary metabolites, therefore different mediators can be used to activate JA pathway [78, 79]....
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Book•
01 Jan 1994
1,045 citations
"Biotechnological approaches for pro..." refers background in this paper
...sativa such as anti-inflammatory, anti-analgesic, anti-stress, anticancer, antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, antiparasitic and antiasthmatic [1,5-8]....
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...Seeds are small, dicotyledonous and black in color with aromatic odor and bitter taste [5]....
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