Biotechnology report. Solid state fermentations.
01 Jul 1972-Biotechnology and Bioengineering (Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company)-Vol. 14, Iss: 4, pp 517-532
TL;DR: A unique method is described by which large yields of secondary metabolites arc produced on solid substrates using Aspergillus and Penicillium species, which prevents sporulation of the fungus and makes recovery of the product easier than in conventional liquid media.
Abstract: A unique method is described by which large yields of secondary metabolites arc produced on solid substrates. The process involves the use of moist substrates which are continuously agitated in appropriate fermentation equipment. The amount of agitation, aeration, and moisture can be varied. Extremely high yields of secondary metabolites such as ochratoxin and aflatoxin were obtained using Aspergillus and Penicillium species. The process prevents sporulation of the fungus and because of the nature of the solid substrate makes recovery of the product easier than in conventional liquid media. The substrates include rice, corn, wheat, and other cereals.
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TL;DR: The aim of this review is to remind ourselves and other scientists working in related areas of lignocellulose research of the enormous economic potential of the bioprocessing of residual plant materials generally regarded as “waste”, and to highlight some of the modern approaches which potentially could be used to tackle one of the major impediments, namely high enzyme cost.
Abstract: This review is written from the perspective of scientists working in lignocellulose bioconversion in a developing country and the aim of this review is to remind ourselves and other scientists working in related areas of lignocellulose research of the enormous economic potential of the bioprocessing of residual plant materials generally regarded as “waste”, and secondly to highlight some of the modern approaches which potentially could be used to tackle one of the major impediments, namely high enzyme cost, to speed-up the extensive commercialisation of the lignocellulose bioprocessing. Key words : lignocellulose, bioconversion, enzyme cost.
African Journal of Biotechnology Vol. 2 (12), pp. 602-619, December 2003
848 citations
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TL;DR: The solid substrates and their basic macromolecular compounds are detailed in relation to this complex and heterogeneous system and their advantages and disadvantages as compared to LSF are presented.
535 citations
Cites background from "Biotechnology report. Solid state f..."
...Koji type processes are widely used in small factories of the Far East (Hesseltine, 1972) and koji fermentation has been adapted to local conditions in United States (USA) and other Western countries, including Cuba (III A)....
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TL;DR: Solid-state fermentation has gained renewed interest and fresh attention from researchers owing to its importance in recent developments in biomass energy conservation, in solid waste treatment and in its application to produce secondary metabolites as discussed by the authors.
514 citations
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TL;DR: The work carried out at the Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, on the development of a large-scale solid state fermenter, comparative cost estimation of SSF and submerged fermentation as well as development of know-how for production of a variety of food enzymes, has led to the commercial exploitation of the technology by industry as mentioned in this paper.
492 citations
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TL;DR: Proper management of lignocellulose biodegradation and utilization can serve to improve the quality of the environment, further man's understanding of the universe, and ultimately change local economies and communities.
Abstract: Lignocelluloses are the building blocks of allplants and are ubiquitous to most regions ofour planet. Their chemical properties make it asubstrate of enormous biotechnological value.The basic chemistry of cellulose,hemicellulose, and lignin has a profound effecton lignocellulose tertiary architecture. Theseintricate associations constitute physical andchemical barriers to lignocellulose utilizationand biodegradation in natural and man-madeenvironments. Overcoming these barriers is thekey to unlocking the commercial potential oflignocellulose. Understanding lignocellulosedegradation under natural conditions forms thebasis of any lignocellulose-based application.A variety of microorganisms and mechanisms areinvolved in the complete biodegradation oflignocellulose in natural environments rangingfrom soil and rumen ecosystems to the termitehindgut. The primary objective oflignocellulose pretreatment by the variousindustries is to access the potential of thecellulose and hemicellulose encrusted by ligninwithin the lignocellulose matrix. Currentworking technologies based on the principles ofsolid-state fermentation (SSF) are brieflyreviewed. The use of unsterile lignocellulosicsfor bioremediation purposes holds promise forcost-effective environmental clean-upendeavors. Novel lignocellulose-basedapplications have found functionality intextile, biological control, and medicalresearch fields and might be exploited there inthe near future. Ultimately, lignocellulosewill probably accompany man to his voyages intospace for interest in this field isintensifying. Therefore, proper management oflignocellulose biodegradation and utilizationcan serve to improve the quality of theenvironment, further man's understanding of theuniverse, and ultimately change local economiesand communities.
443 citations
References
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TL;DR: A method has been developed for the production of aflatoxin by growing Aspergillus flavus strain NRRL 2999 on the solid substrate rice using chloroform-hexane mixtures.
Abstract: A method has been developed for the production of aflatoxin by growing Aspergillus flavus strain NRRL 2999 on the solid substrate rice. Optimal yields, more than 1 mg of aflatoxin B(1) per g of starting material, were obtained in 5 days at 28 C. A crude product containing aflatoxins was isolated by chloroform extraction and precipitation with hexane from concentrated solutions. The crude product consisted of 50% aflatoxin in the following ratio: B(1)-B(2)-G(1)-G(2), 100:0.15:0.22:0.02. Aflatoxin B(1) was separated from almost all the impurities and from the other aflatoxins by chromatography on silica gel with 1% ethyl alcohol in chloroform. Analytically pure aflatoxin B(1) was recrystallized from chloroform-hexane mixtures.
605 citations
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TL;DR: Procedures for the pure culture preparation of some fermented but nonalcoholic foods are outlined, including tempeh, ragi, sufu, shoyu, ang-kak, tea fungus, and miso.
Abstract: Procedures for the pure culture preparation of some fermented but nonalcoholic foods are outlined. These include tempeh, ragi, sufu, shoyu, ang-kak, tea fungus, and miso. The fungi used in the manu...
311 citations
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TL;DR: A densitometric method for reading thin-layer chromatographic plates is described; this is more objective and more accurate than the visual methods previously used for the determination of all four aflatoxins.
Abstract: A method has been developed for the production of aflatoxin by growing Aspergillus flavus NRRL 3145 on solid substrate wheat. Optimal yields of 900 mug of aflatoxin G(1) and 900 mug of aflatoxin B(1) per g of substrate were obtained in 4 to 5 days at 28 C. A study of aflatoxin production on hulls and groats of oats and on whole oats by A. flavus strains NRRL 2999, NRRL 3000, and NRRL 3145 revealed that aflatoxin was produced on all three substrates, although production was very slight on hulls. Strain NRRL 3145 grown on solid substrate groats produced the largest amounts of aflatoxin: 580 mug of B(1) and 450 mug of G(1) per g of substrate. A densitometric method for reading thin-layer chromatographic plates is described; this is more objective and more accurate than the visual methods previously used for the determination of all four aflatoxins.
72 citations
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TL;DR: It is reported that plus and minus strains of Choanephora cucurbitarum were capable of forming zygospores when grown together in liquid medium in shaken flasks, and yields of 960 t/g/g of 8-carotene in dry mycelium were found.
Abstract: Barnett, Lilly and Krause (1) reported that plus and minus strains of Choanephora cucurbitarum were capable of forming zygospores when grown together in liquid medium in shaken flasks. At the same time yields of 960 t/g/g of 8-carotene in dry mycelium were found. Numerous mating types of members of the Choanephoraceae were available in our Culture Collection including C. cucurbitarum, C. trispora (Blakeslea trispora), C. conjuncta and Blakeslea circinans; therefore, a study was made in which opposite mating types were grown singly and paired in liquid synthetic mucor medium (SMM) in shaken flasks. This medium is composed of glucose 40 g, asparagine 2 g, KH2PO4 0.5 g, MgSO4 0.25 g, thiamine 0.5 mg and 1 liter of distilled water. Five hundred-ml flasks containing 100 ml of this sterile medium or 100 ml of the medium used for sporulation of this family were inoculated with C. cucurbitarum strains NRRL A-6097 and NRRL A-6098 singly and paired. Portions of vegetative mycelium were used as inoculum. The flasks were placed on a rotary shaker and incubated for 72 hours at 28° C. At the end of the fermentation each strain grown singly resulted in masses of almost white-colored mycelium. However, in the flasks inoculated with + and strains, the sporulation medium showed dark areas of zygospores while the vegetative mycelium was cream to
42 citations