Biphasic Creep and Stress-Relaxation of Articular-Cartilage in Compression - Theory and Experiments
01 Feb 1980-Journal of Biomechanical Engineering-transactions of The Asme (American Society of Mechanical Engineers)-Vol. 102, Iss: 1, pp 73-84
About: This article is published in Journal of Biomechanical Engineering-transactions of The Asme.The article was published on 1980-02-01. It has received 2376 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Stress relaxation & Creep.
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TL;DR: The unique and complex structure of articular cartilage makes treatment and repair or restoration of the defects challenging for the patient, the surgeon, and the physical therapist.
Abstract: Articular cartilage is the highly specialized connective tissue of diarthrodial joints. Its principal function is to provide a smooth, lubricated surface for articulation and to facilitate the transmission of loads with a low frictional coefficient (Figure 1). Articular cartilage is devoid of blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves and is subject to a harsh biomechanical environment. Most important, articular cartilage has a limited capacity for intrinsic healing and repair. In this regard, the preservation and health of articular cartilage are paramount to joint health.
Figure 1.
Gross photograph of healthy articular cartilage in an adult human knee.
Injury to articular cartilage is recognized as a cause of significant musculoskeletal morbidity. The unique and complex structure of articular cartilage makes treatment and repair or restoration of the defects challenging for the patient, the surgeon, and the physical therapist. The preservation of articular cartilage is highly dependent on maintaining its organized architecture.
1,835 citations
Cites background from "Biphasic Creep and Stress-Relaxatio..."
...The drag resulting from the interstitial fluid is known as biphasic viscoelastic behavior.(44) The flow-independent component of viscoelasticity is caused by macromolecular motion— specifically, the intrinsic viscoelastic behavior of the collagenproteoglycan matrix....
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...Much of the interfibrillar water appears to exist as a gel, and most of it may be moved through the ECM by applying a pressure gradient across the tissue or by compressing the solid matrix.(44,46) Frictional resistance against this flow through the matrix is very high; thus, the permeability of the tissue is very low....
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...The flow-dependent mechanism depends on interstitial fluid and the frictional drag associated with this flow.(3,43,44,60) The drag resulting from the interstitial fluid is known as biphasic viscoelastic behavior....
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Book•
09 Oct 1998
TL;DR: This poster presents a probabilistic procedure for estimating the mechanical properties of bone based on known mechanisms, including compressive forces, compressive strength, and the compressive properties of Bone.
Abstract: Forces in Joints, Skeletal Biology, Analysis of Bone Remodeling, Mechanical Properties of Bone, Fatigue and Fracture Resistance of Bone, Mechanical Adaptation of the Skeleton, Synovial Joint Mechanics, Mechanical Properties of Ligament and Tendon
1,246 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: It is concluded that collagen influences the tissue resistance to macromolecule transport, possibly by binding and stabilizing the glycosaminoglycan component of the ECM.
Abstract: The extracellular matrix (ECM) may contribute to the drug resistance of a solid tumor by preventing the penetration of therapeutic agents. We measured differences in interstitial resistance to macromolecule (IgG) motion in four tumor types and found an unexpected correspondence between transport resistance and the mechanical stiffness. The interstitial diffusion coefficient of IgG was measured in situ by fluorescence redistribution after photobleaching. Tissue elastic modulus and hydraulic conductivity were measured by confined compression of excised tissue. In apparent contradiction to an existing paradigm, these functional properties are correlated with total tissue content of collagen, not glycosaminoglycan. An extended collagen network was observed in the more penetration-resistant tumors. Collagenase treatment of the more penetration-resistant tumors significantly increased the IgG interstitial diffusion rate. We conclude that collagen influences the tissue resistance to macromolecule transport, possibly by binding and stabilizing the glycosaminoglycan component of the ECM. These findings suggest a new method to screen tumors for potential resistance to macromolecule-based therapy. Moreover, collagen and collagen-proteoglycan bonds are identified as potential targets of treatment to improve macromolecule delivery.
1,108 citations
Cites background or methods from "Biphasic Creep and Stress-Relaxatio..."
...The sarcoma (HSTS 26T) and glioblastoma (U87) display sequential increases of stress with strain, as is typical of normal soft tissues (21, 22)....
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...The mechanical and fluid transport parameters of tumor interstitium were determined by confined compression tests following the same procedures adopted previously for cartilage (21, 22)....
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TL;DR: This review is aimed at unifying the understanding of cartilage viscoelastic properties in compression, in particular the role of compression-dependent permeability in controlling interstitial fluid flow and its contribution to the observed vis coelastic effects.
1,000 citations
TL;DR: The hypothesis that the application of dynamic deformational loading at physiological strain levels enhances chondrocyte matrix elaboration in cell-seeded agarose scaffolds to produce a more functional engineered tissue construct than in free swelling controls is tested.
Abstract: Due to its avascular nature, articular cartilage exhibits a very limited capacity to regenerate and to repair. Although much of the tissue-engineered cartilage in existence has been successful in mimicking the morphological and biochemical appearance of hyaline cartilage, it is generally mechanically inferior to the natural tissue. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that the application of dynamic deformational loading at physiological strain levels enhances chondrocyte matrix elaboration in cell-seeded agarose scaffolds to produce a more functional engineered tissue construct than in free swelling controls. A custom-designed bioreactor was used to load cell-seeded agarose disks dynamically in unconfined compression with a peak-to-peak compressive strain amplitude of 10 percent, at a frequency of 1 Hz, 3 x (1 hour on, 1 hour off)/day, 5 days/week for 4 weeks. Results demonstrated that dynamically loaded disks yielded a sixfold increase in the equilibrium aggregate modulus over free swelling controls after 28 days of loading (100 +/- 16 kPa versus 15 +/- 8 kPa, p < 0.0001). This represented a 21-fold increase over the equilibrium modulus of day 0 (4.8 +/- 2.3 kPa). Sulfated glycosaminoglycan content and hydroxyproline content was also found to be greater in dynamically loaded disks compared to free swelling controls at day 21 (p < 0.0001 and p = 0.002, respectively).
957 citations