Black is beautiful: A reexamination of racial preference and identification.
01 Nov 1970-Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (J Pers Soc Psychol)-Vol. 16, Iss: 3, pp 398-402
About: This article is published in Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.The article was published on 1970-11-01. It has received 245 citations till now.
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09 Jan 2004
TL;DR: A theory of intergroup conflict and some preliminary data relating to the theory is presented in this article. But the analysis is limited to the case where the salient dimensions of the intergroup differentiation are those involving scarce resources.
Abstract: This chapter presents an outline of a theory of intergroup conflict and some preliminary data relating to the theory. Much of the work on the social psychology of intergroup relations has focused on patterns of individual prejudices and discrimination and on the motivational sequences of interpersonal interaction. The intensity of explicit intergroup conflicts of interests is closely related in human cultures to the degree of opprobrium attached to the notion of "renegade" or "traitor." The basic and highly reliable finding is that the trivial, ad hoc intergroup categorization leads to in-group favoritism and discrimination against the out-group. Many orthodox definitions of "social groups" are unduly restrictive when applied to the context of intergroup relations. The equation of social competition and intergroup conflict rests on the assumptions concerning an "ideal type" of social stratification in which the salient dimensions of intergroup differentiation are those involving scarce resources.
14,812 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the scope and range of ethnocentrism in group behavior is discussed. But the focus is on the individual and not on the group as a whole, rather than the entire group.
Abstract: INDIVIDUAL PROCESSES IN INTERGROUP BEHAVIOR 3 From Individual to Group Impressions 3 GROUP MEMBERSHIP AND INTERGROUP BEHAVIOR 7 The Scope and Range of Ethnocentrism 8 The Development of Ethnocentrism 9 Intergroup Conflict and Competition 12 Interpersonal and intergroup behavior 13 Intergroup conflict and group cohesion 15 Power and status in intergroup behavior 16 Social Categorization a d Intergroup Behavior 20 Social categorization: cognitions, values, and groups 20 Social categorization a d intergroup discrimination 23 Social identity and social comparison 24 THE REDUCTION FINTERGROUP DISCRIMINATION 27 Intergroup Cooperation and Superordinate Goals " 28 Intergroup Contact. 28 Multigroup Membership and "lndividualizat~’on" of the Outgroup 29 SUMMARY 30
6,550 citations
Cites background from "Black is beautiful: A reexamination..."
...The methodological debate about the validity of some aspects of the earlier findings coneerned mainly the misidentifieation of "black" children with white figures presented to them (see Greenwald & Oppenheim 1968, Hraba & Grant 1970, P. Katz 1976, Williams & Morland 1976, Milner 1981)....
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TL;DR: System-justification as discussed by the authors is a psychological process that contributes to the preservation of existing social arrangements even at the expense of personal and group interest, and it is argued that the notion of justification is necessary to account for previously unexplained phenomena, such as the participation by disadvantaged individuals and groups in negative stereotypes of themselves, and the consensual nature of stereotypic beliefs despite differences in social relations within and between social groups.
Abstract: Although the concept of justification has played a significant role in many social psychological theories, its presence in recent examinations of stereotyping has been minimal. We describe and evaluate previous notions of stereotyping as ego-justification and group-justification and propose an additional account, that of system-justification, which refers to psychological processes contributing to the preservation of existing social arrangements even at the expense of personal and group interest. It is argued that the notion of system-justification is necessary to account for previously unexplained phenomena, most notably the participation by disadvantaged individuals and groups in negative stereotypes of themselves, and the consensual nature of stereotypic beliefs despite differences in social relations within and between social groups. We offer a selective review of existing research that demonstrates the role of stereotypes in the production of false consciousness and develop the implications of a system-justification approach.
[T]he rationalizing and justifying function of a stereotype exceeds its function as a reflector of group attributes—G. W. Allport (1958, p. 192).
2,615 citations
TL;DR: The measure of salience of ethnicity was its being spontaneously mentioned by the children in response to a nondirective "Tell us about yourself" question, and all four predictions were confirmed, though for several of the findings there are plausible alternative explanations.
Abstract: How likely people are to think of themselves in terms of a given personal characteristic is predicted from the distinctiveness postulate that the person, when confronted by a complex stimulus (such as the self), selectively notices and encodes the stimulus in terms of what is most peculiar about it, since these peculiar characteristics are the most informative in distinguishing it from other stimuli. This partial view of the person as an information-encoding machine (one is conscious of oneself insofar as, and in the ways that, one is different) is used to derive four predictions implying that ethnic identity is salient in children's spontaneous self-concepts to the extent that their ethnic group is in the minority in their social milieu at school. Our measure of salience of ethnicity was its being spontaneously mentioned by the children in response to a nondirective "Tell us about yourself" question. All four predictions were confirmed, though for several of the findings there are plausible alternative explanations.
645 citations
01 Jan 2004
521 citations
Cites result from "Black is beautiful: A reexamination..."
...The positive bias toward the majority White outgroup seems to have disappeared in 4–7-yearold Black children in more recent years, with Black children now showing an ingroup bias which is equivalent to that shown by White majority group children (Aboud, 1980; Hraba & Grant, 1970; Vaughan, 1978)....
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References
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TL;DR: In this paper, the development of consciousness of self and the emergence of racial identification in Negro Preschool children were discussed, and a study was conducted to examine the effect of race identification on children's self-awareness.
Abstract: (1939). The Development of Consciousness of Self and the Emergence of Racial Identification in Negro Preschool Children. The Journal of Social Psychology: Vol. 10, No. 4, pp. 591-599.
536 citations
01 Jan 1967
233 citations
151 citations